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RED ALERT
2005-12-12 11:01:24
Although the likelihood of an international payment crisis remains dim given the country''s huge stockpile of foreign exchange reserves, prolonged acceleration in the growth of short-term foreign debt has alerted both regulators and economists.
As the Chinese economy expanded, the nation''s short-term foreign debt rose to US$141.3 billion at the end of June this year, a situation that accounted for an alarming 53.1 per cent of total foreign liabilities, compared to 9 per cent at the end of 2000, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) said late last month.
"The rapid increase in short-term debt deserves attention, because it means cross-border capital flows are growing bigger and faster, and the potential risk is growing," the administration says in its first report on the nation''s international balance of payment.
China revised its definition of foreign debt in 2001, including foreign liabilities of foreign financial institutions operating in China while excluding their lending to Chinese businesses.
At the same time, three-month or less trade credits and offshore deposits at Chinese banks, as well as long and medium-term debts that were maturing in less than one year, started to be treated as short-term debt.
The broadened definition led to an abrupt increase in short-term debt, which soared from US$13.08 billion at the end of 2000 to US$65.3 billion a year later.
Statistical adjustments are only part of the reason behind the rapid increase in short-term debt. On the back of China''s fast-growing foreign trade, trade credits, mainly delayed payments by importers and early payments by foreign importers, rose rapidly.
Trade credits totalled US$65.4 billion at the end of 2004, or 26.4 per cent of outstanding foreign debt, but the figures climbed to US$75.5 billion and 28.4 per cent at the end of June this year.
The growing activity of foreign banks operating in China has also contributed to the trend in enlarged foreign borrowings, while persistent expectations of the revaluation of the local currency, or renminbi, have prompted a growing number of foreign-invested companies to borrow foreign debt instead of taking out renminbi loans from local banks, it said.
Should any major problem occur in the domestic economy, says Tan Yaling, a senior researcher with the Bank of China, a premature withdrawal of short-term funds would deal a blow to the economy.
"That''s what happened in Thailand and Mexico as well as Argentina," she says, citing the major financial crises in emerging markets in the late 1990s.
During the Asian financial crisis that started in 1997, a sudden outflow of short-term funds, shaken by collapsing confidence in local currencies, pushed some Asian nations into tumult after their authorities emptied forex reserves.
"Short-term debt should not take such a huge share. For emerging markets like China, it should be kept at around one third," Tan says.
The Chinese economy is currently exposed to risks related to its exchange rate reform and banking reform, Tan notes. After China let its currency, or renminbi, appreciate by 2.1 per cent in July to 8.11 against the US dollar, expectations of a further appreciation still remain strong in the marketplace as trading partners continue to pressure the Chinese Government.
And although the reform of major State-owned banks made impressive headway in recent months as listings were launched and foreign strategic investors ushered in, real improvement in the sector''s competitiveness remains to be seen.
"From the lessons in other countries, the short-term debt risk needs some attention," Tan says, underlining the fact that part of the short-term debt is speculative funds bet on further renminbi appreciation and could retreat rapidly.
Others are not so worried.
The driving forces behind the rapid increase in foreign debt, particularly short-term debt, are unlikely to disappear quickly, which means the likelihood of a sudden outflow of short-term funds is dim.
"All those factors will continue to work in the coming months, although they might play a less significant role," says Li Ruoyu, an analyst with the State Information Centre. "The likelihood of a reversal in the trend is very slight in the near term."
Given the continued expectations for a stronger renminbi and still strong momentum in foreign trade growth, trade credits, which accounted for 53 per cent of all China''s short-term debt at the end of June, are not seen heading in the opposite direction.
"Trade credits are based on real transactions, and the possibility of a massive flow of funds is low," SAFE says in its report.
China''s hefty forex reserves, which stood at the equivalent of 503.2 per cent of outstanding short-term liabilities at the end of June, provide ample resources to pay off debts, the report notes. The internationally accepted safe level is 100 per cent.
"Overall, China''s short-term foreign debt risk is manageable," the report concludes.
But forex reserves cannot be squandered on repaying debts, as the nation will have to pay more for commodities like gold, oil, and copper that are all soaring on the international market, argues Tan.
The authorities are already taking measures to contain the rapid increase in short-term foreign debt, though. SAFE tightened rules on foreign borrowing by foreign banks and foreign-invested businesses operating in China earlier this year.
Tightened supervision, coupled with higher borrowing costs as interest rates climbed in the United States, brought the growth of total foreign debt down by 9.8 percentage points to 7.5 per cent at the end of June.
(China Daily 12/05/2005 page4)
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警惕股改搁浅
2005-12-12 00:04:48
旨在消除非流通股和流通股之间制度差异的股权分置改革正在步入深水区。
由于全流通不仅会击碎目前的股票定价体系,更会导致股票市场各利益集团之间的利益重新分配,因此,不同利益主体之间的博弈,已经让这场改革陷入进退两难的境地。这使得中国股票市场的各项指数长期萎靡不振,投资界对股市的关注度更在持续下降。
截至2004年底,中国共有4543亿股非流通股,占股市总市值的64%。在这些非流通股中,74%为国有股,国有控股上市公司的市值占沪深两地股市总市值的三分之二。因此,国有控股上市公司的股权分置改革是这次改革的关键。
但至12月9日,已完成或正在进行股权分置改革的13批上市公司中,鲜见大型国有企业。
导致这种现实情况发生的原因在于,多数国有企业对“股改”持观望态度,甚至造成向证券交易所送审排队的上市公司逐渐稀少。
倘若此种情况不及时扭转,“股改”恐出现断层,甚至搁浅。
目前,国有大股东和上市公司负责人多对“股改”会否造成国有资产流失、他们个人是否会为此承担责任心存担忧。
这种疑虑的必然后果是,国有上市公司往往在确定支付对价区间后,即将球“踢”给国资管理部门。而后者担心戴上“国有资产流失”帽子,抱着“多一事不如少一事”的态度,这更使得“股改”方案久拖不决。
其次,国有控股股东、尤其是相对控股股东担心支付对价后,削弱其控股地位或影响力,导致其“股改”意愿不强。
这个现象的产生背景非常奇特。
从理论上看,国有股不流通原是因行政手段所致,但现在,让国有股全流通起来的力量,却非由行政主导,而是交由半市场化、半行政的方式来处理。这当然给了上市公司部分决定权。正因为此,一旦上市公司“股改”动力熄火,整个股权分置改革的成败必然堪忧。
自今年5月股权分置改革启动以来,7个月间,约75%的G股(已完成“股改”)投资者在新一轮改革中蒙受了50亿元新损失,G股公司普遍发生的贴权现象,更使得流通股股东投票率逐渐下降。
股指的涨跌还在影响着流通股东的情绪。这种悲观情绪直接左右着“股改”的进行。虽然包括全国人大副委员长成思危在内的部分官员都认为,政府不应对股指涨跌负责,但所有人深知,保持一个稳中有升的股市对加快“股改”进程有巨大的促进作用。
让“股改”更陷低迷的征兆,还有流通股股东投票率降低的趋势,这一趋势似乎不可避免。虽然上市公司在千方百计通过券商向流通股股东“拜票”,但现在看来有些徒然。
在“股改”试点期间,流通股股东投票率一般均在70%以上:“股改”全面铺开后,投票率已降至目前的平均40%左右,甚至有一家上市公司的流通股股东投票率不到13%。
面对这种窘境,监管部门当如何处置将再次考验他们的智慧。如果一味依赖市场自然完成股改,恐怕将如“慢刀割肉”,对股市有“凌迟”之感。因此我们认为,股改已经到了应该“快刀斩乱麻”的时候了。
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中海石油有意收购前尤科斯资产
2005-12-08 23:39:29
中国海洋石油总公司(China National Offshore Oil Corp., 简称:CNOOC)有意收购前俄罗斯石油巨头尤科斯石油公司(Yukos)的剩余资产,但任何交易均须获得双方政府的支持方能达成,CNOOC总经理周四称。
根据国有《上海证券报》,中海石油总经理傅成玉称,他对尤科斯为偿清剩余税款而将处置的非核心资产很感兴趣。
但报导援引傅成玉的话称,购买与否更大程度上需要政府的决策和协调。
一名CNOOC发言人证实了上述报导,但补充称,目前尚未就任何交易进行磋商。
这位要求不具名的发言人称,报纸报导董事长对上述资产很感兴趣,而任何人对这些资产都会产生兴趣。
CNOOC因未能成功收购加州联合石油公司(UNOCAL Corporation)而一度成为市场关注的焦点。若该收购交易成功,则将成为中国公司收购美国公司金额最高的一笔交易。竞购对手雪佛龙公司(Chevron Corp.)最终成功将加州联合石油收归旗下,因对中国政府支持的公司控制美国能源利益的担忧引发了一场政治风暴,迫使CNOOC于8月份放弃收购加州联合石油。
但市场普遍认为,CNOOC仍在寻求收购海外油气田,以扩张其业务组合。CNOOC尤其热衷于在具有技术挑战性及高成本的深海钻探领域获得经验寻找合作伙伴。而在这一领域,CNOOC的业务较为有限。
然而,尤科斯仅仅出售其在东欧的部分炼油厂及输油管道。
CNOOC已经与荷兰皇家壳牌有限公司(Royal Dutch Shell Plc)旗下子公司在广东成立了一家石化合资公司。德意志银行(Deutsche Bank)驻北京能源分析师David Hurd称,他认为CNOOC并不想收购尤科斯的炼油厂。
目前尚不清楚俄罗斯政府对中国收购尤科斯资产的态度如何。中国通过铁路从俄罗斯进口石油,但有关铺设一条从俄罗斯至中国的输油管道的计划一直未能落实,部分原因在于两国之间长久以来的政治对立关系。
中国最大的石油生产商中国石油天然气集团公司(China National Petroleum Corporation.)在10月底完成了对总部设在加拿大的PetroKazakhstan的收购,后者在哈萨克斯坦的一个油田持有股份。
由于俄罗斯能源巨头OAO Lukoil的阻挠,交易几乎未能达成。OAO Lukoil也持有上述油田的股权。 -
中国央行称汇率改革未对银行业和个人产生重大影响
2005-12-08 23:38:30
中国央行表示,中国的人民币汇率改革没有对银行的业务产生重大影响,对个人也未造成重大影响;中国将深化人民币汇率机制改革,推进资本项目的可兑换。
中国央行(People''s Bank of China)在《中国证券报》连续刊登的“人民币汇率改革问答”栏目中称,央行在7月份人民币汇率改革两周后进行了相关调查,调查结果显示,人民币汇率机制改革对银行业自身的经营活动影响不大,各银行积极应对改革。
另外,中国居民持有的外汇资产规模相对较小,人民币汇率上调2%几乎未对持有美元的家庭造成影响。央行8月份进行的一项调查发现,居民持有外汇主要用于投资,因此人民币升值对国内消费的刺激是有限的。
央行还表示,中国外汇监管机构将进一步推进贸易和投资的便利化,推动人民币尽快实现资本项目下的自由兑换。
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格林斯潘:“中性”利率用处不大
2005-12-08 23:37:37
美国联邦储备委员会(Federal Reserve, 简称Fed)主席格林斯潘(Alan Greenspan)称,无数经济学家念念不忘的、用“中性”利率水平衡量Fed加息还会走多远的念头对Fed自己来说根本毫无用处。
中性利率指的是既不太低也不太高的利率水平。利率太低会助长过度支出,从而加重通货膨胀压力;太高,则会限制支出和价格增长。
几个月来,经济学家们都在争论Fed是否已经走到──或者即将到达──中性利率的阶段。有些人警告说,Fed可能会路过中性阶段并不停步,继续加息,给经济增长踩踩刹车。美国国会联合经济委员会(Joint Economic Committee)主席、共和党议员吉姆•萨克斯顿(Jim Saxton)在致格林斯潘的书面提问中问道,他(格林斯潘)怎样知道利率是否已经达到中性水平,Fed是否会在到达中性后继续前进。
格林斯潘的书面答复由联合经济委员会公布,他在回信中表示,虽然中性水平“是一项有用的理论架构”,但实际操作中的种种困难“限制了它的有效性”。格林斯潘还表示,不同的计算方法、不同的定义方式和经济现状的变化,都会得出不同的中性水平。
“根本不可能确定地知道何时达到了中性利率水平。”再说,还有很多时候,“通货膨胀率过高或过低时,以实现中性水平的联邦基金利率为目标也并不恰当,”格林斯潘写道。
从2004年6月以来,Fed已经将美国短期利率目标从1%升至4%,预计下周还会升至4.25%。Fed将加息称为“消除适应性政策”之举,非政府部门的经济学家和很多Fed官员都将之解读为把联邦基金利率从低于中性的水平升至中性。
不过,格林斯潘的信函也强调指出,Fed对于何种利率水平为中性并无明确概念。每次会议上,官员们都会重新评估经济前景,讨论是否需要通过加息来遏制通货膨胀上涨。
一如既往,格林斯潘在针对短长期利率差,或称“收益率曲线”预测经济增长率的有效性提出质疑。经验表明,利差收窄或收益率曲线“趋平”预示著经济增长放缓的前景。如果短期利率超过了长期利率,经济衰退就为时不远了。一年来收益率曲线明显趋缓,有些分析师认为这表明经济增长将大幅减缓。
格林斯潘承认,收益率曲线与经济增长速度以往的确相关,但曲线也有可能因为一些并不具备同样负面影响的因素而趋缓。比如说,放贷机构可能会制定较低的长期贷款利率,因为他们并不担心通货膨胀高企或者大幅波动。
“因此产生的收益率曲线趋缓可能预示著金融领域压力减轻,而这一点会刺激未来经济活动的增加,”格林斯潘写道。 -
美国企业声誉大排名
2005-12-08 23:36:45
大多数公司要花费几十年的时间才能树立起卓越的声誉。而Google Inc.只用了七年。
这家主要互联网搜索引擎的创造者在今年的年度名商(Reputation Quotient)排名中闪亮登场,位居全球最著名的60家公司当中的第三位。植根于斯坦福大学一间宿舍、成立于1998年的Google排名仅在强生公司(Johnson & Johnson)和可口可乐公司(Coca-Cola Co.)之后,而这两家公司可都是有著百余年历史的美国标志性企业。
通常来说,科技公司在最佳和最差公司声誉排名中的表现都令人印象深刻。科技行业是所有行业当中声誉最高的行业,接受调查的近20,000名美国人当中有71%的人给出了正面的评价。受访者表示,大多数科技公司提供了使他们日常生活质量得到提高、定价合理的创新产品--调查中的其他公司很少能够获得这样的评价。
一些受访者称Google是“不可或缺的”和“无价的”。Google高高在上的股价也提高了它的声誉,受访者称Google是他们最想买进和最希望推荐给其他人的股票之一。
排名位居前10位的其他科技企业包括:索尼公司(Sony Corp., 又名:新力公司)、微软(Microsoft Corp.)和英特尔(Intel Corp.)。此外,国际商业机器公司(International Business Machines Corp.)和苹果电脑公司(Apple Computer Inc.)今年的排名均有所上升,分别位居第19位和第27位。其中苹果电脑的排名受到了其备受欢迎的iPod音乐数字播放器的有力推动。
科技行业的这种状况是绝无仅有的。在此次名商调查中,纽约研究公司Harris Interactive Inc.发现,大多数行业,尤其是汽车、航空、制药和能源行业的排名均有所下降。只有烟草行业的声誉比能源和制药行业还要低。
美国公司的总体声誉本来就不是很好,而今年又进一步下滑。尽管企业进行了公司治理改革,并更多地承诺会遵守道德规范和履行社会责任,但这并没有挽回它们在公众眼中的形象。今年,有71%的受访者将美国企业的声誉评定为“不佳”或“糟糕”,而在2004年这个比例为68%。
“美国企业界仍在展现著贪婪、欺骗、无能的本性,普遍缺乏人性的关爱,我认为它们正在瓦解美国的价值观和工作道德观,”加利福尼亚州的大学行政管理人员麦蒙(Tamara Maimon)这样说,“我所接触到的许多年轻人认为要赚大钱不必努力工作;他们认为只要拥有合适的关系网或者恃强凌弱就能爬到公司上层。”
尽管美国公司在今年的自然灾害、尤其是飓风卡特里娜(Hurricane Katrina)之后提供了帮助,但许多受访者并没有给予很高的评价。实际上,许多受访者呼吁企业参与更多慈善事业--并使它们的善举为公众所知。比如说,宝洁公司(Procter & Gamble Co.又名:宝硷公司)的排名从2004年的第四位降到了今年的第13位,即因为被指没有表现出足够的社会责任感。
但公布社会行动对于企业来说是一个敏感的问题。许多公司不愿在广告和新闻稿中吹嘘它们的善举,因为他们不想被人看作是在谋取私利。不过,宝洁把它在近来自然灾难中提供的人道主义援助公布在了公司网站上。
名商调查由Harris和纽约的Reputation Institute联合举办。受访者根据20项标准对他们熟悉的公司进行评价。这20项标准衡量企业在感情上的吸引力、财务、产品和服务质量、社会责任感、远见和领导以及工作环境等各个方面的表现。
进入最终排名的60家公司每年的位置都会有一些变化,但有一家公司例外。自这项调查于1999年开始以来,强生一直锁定在榜首的位置,成功地躲开了其他制药公司遭受的抨击。它在产品质量和感情上的吸引力这两项的得分很高,这要归功于人们对强生婴儿产品业务的温暖感受。它在道德规范和诚信度方面的得分也是最高的。一位受访者评论道,“强生就是一家典型的美国公司。”
对于其他制药公司,人们就没这么客气了。默克公司(Merck & Co.)排在第45位,一些受访者谴责它贪婪无度、有意蒙蔽大众。 明尼苏达州的一位律师助手布莱克(Eunice Black)称,她“压根儿就不相信默克一直都不了解万络(Vioxx)的风险。它们跟长期以来试图掩盖吸烟风险的烟草公司如出一辙。”
默克上一次出现在名商排名中是在2003年,当时它位列第32位。针对调查结果,默克的一位发言人称,“我们主动召回万络是我们将患者安全置于首要位置的反映。默克在开发和销售万络方面的行动是负责的和适当的,我们全面地研究了万络,并在每个阶段公布了我们的科学数据。”
调查中三家石油公司--埃克森美孚(Exxon Mobil Corp.)、雪佛龙公司(Chevron Corp.)和荷兰皇家壳牌有限公司(Royal Dutch Shell Plc)获得的评价较低,公众斥责它们“无情”涨价、追逐利润。
作为全球最大的能源上市公司,埃克森美孚的发言人称,许多消费者并不了解汽油价格受到原油价格、供求状况、政府法规、税收和运输成本的影响。另外,在运营出售埃克森牌或美孚牌汽油的零售商当中,有90%以上都是独立定价的。
沃尔玛连锁公司(Wal-Mart Stores Inc.)最近的形象广告和公关攻势无助于其排名的提高。这家零售商的声誉排在第29位,而去年为第28位。它在财务表现方面的得分较高。沃尔玛拒绝就此置评。
Home Depot Inc.排在第12位,主要得益于顾客对其优质服务的赞誉。这家家居装饰零售商,以及包裹递送企业联邦快递集团(FedEx Corp.)和联合包裹运送服务公司(UPS)在客户服务卓越方面获得的褒奖最多。与此同时,MCI Inc.、康卡斯特(Comcast Corp.)、美国银行(Bank of America Corp.)、麦当劳(McDonald''s Corp.)和UAL Corp.旗下的联合航空( United Airlines)在服务质量方面的得分都较差。
大型并购之后,一家声誉不好的公司对另一方声誉的影响是具有破坏性的。实际上,收购Kmart的西尔斯(Sears Holdings Corp.)排在第41位,而收购康柏电脑(Compaq)的惠普公司(Hewlett-Packard Co.)排在第31位。这两家公司今年的排名下降幅度最大。
排名最低的那些公司基本上都曾卷入过丑闻:安然公司(Enron Corp.)、MCI(前身是WorldCom,现为Verizon Communications Inc.所收购)、Adelphia Communications Corp.(现为时代华纳公司(Time Warner Inc.)旗下的Time Warner Cable和康卡斯特(Comcast)所收购)、以及泰科(Tyco International Ltd.)。 -
Underground credit tops US$100b: Survey
2005-12-08 10:43:15
China''s underground credit topped 800 billion yuan (100 billion US dollars), about 28.07 percent of the funds raised through formal channels, according to a survey carried out by the Central University of Finance and Economics.
The survey is the first of its kind in China to get quantitative figures on underground finance, involving the underground credit scale, rural underground credit scale and underground credit scale in small- and medium-sized enterprises in 20 provinces.
China''s underground loans are estimated to stand from 740.5 billion yuan (91.42 billion US dollars) to 816.4 billion yuan (100.79 billion US dollars).
The underground credit scale average index is 28.07, the underground loans are equivalent to 28.07 percent of the funds raised through formal channels, said Li Jianjun, an associate professor with the finance college under the Central University of Finance and Economics.
Since the index is based on figures from 20 provinces, experts reckon the national underground credit index would stand between 26.73 to 29.47, Li said.
The investigators were divided into 76 independent groups to improve accuracy of the survey, targeting approximately 110 small- and medium-sized enterprises and 1,203 businessmen in 82 cities and counties in 20 provinces.
The survey shows that more than one-third of small- and medium-sized enterprises raise funds in informal ways, while less than half of rural households obtain loans from banks.
The more underdeveloped the areas are, the more dependent the locals are on underground financing, according to the survey.
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Foreign firms'' monopolies cause concern
2005-12-08 10:38:31
China should introduce an early warning-system to prevent multinational companies (MNCs) from cornering the Chinese market, a cabinet think-tank has suggested.
Xie Fuzhan, vice-president of the State Council Development Research Centre urged the government to take action as foreign investors have intensified expansion in some industrial sectors and obtained sizeable shares of certain large projects.
"These are new trends in foreign investment, and they deserve close attention," Xie warned.
"But it doesn''t conflict with our lasting strategy that emphasizes partnerships with MNCs which are willing to transfer core technologies and management experience."
Facing the new investment trend, Xie suggested that China should establish standards and a system to watch the behaviour of overseas investors to prevent monopoly risks in the Chinese market.
The system and standards are expected to be line with the Anti-Monopoly Law, which is going to be delivered to the National People''s Congress for voting soon.
Xie voiced his concerns at yesterday''s forum on China''s Investment Opportunity and Overseas Chinese Entrepreneurs, which was organized by China News Agency.
In addition to preventing foreign investors from implementing monopolistic practices, China is establishing an anti-monopoly law to create equal market access for all investors, said Lin Yueqin, researcher with Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
"The upcoming law will stipulate very clearly that a dominant market position should not be allowed to be abused by any market players, either from home or abroad," said Lin.
Lin said China will limit mergers and acquisitions and create a report system in which any mergers or acquisitions that meet certain criteria will require approval.
The criteria will be transparent, meaning enterprises will be held fully responsible for their business activities, said Lin.
Instead of forging partnerships with local companies, foreign enterprises have accelerated their efforts to become single investors in China, Xie said.
In addition, their presence in the electronics, auto and chemical industries, as well as some large projects, has increased considerably this year, according to Xie.
In terms of foreign direct investment (FDI), China ranks second after the United States, which received US$96 billion in FDI in 2004, according to a United Nations report. During January-October period, FDI in China reached US$48.4 billion.
Out of the world''s top 500 MNCs, more than 400 have invested in China. "The volume of investment has increased markedly," said Xie, adding that the foreign investment currently averages US$4.04 million per contract, up from US$3.51 million in 2004.
Xie said many foreign companies, which mainly operate factories and processing centres in China, are moving their research and development centres to China.
Statistics indicate that over 700 foreign research and development laboratories have been set up in China since Motorola established the first one in 1993.
The latest example is Ericsson, the world''s largest maker of mobile phone networks, which said in September it would invest US$1 billion in manufacturing and research in China over the next five years.

