-
原摩根大通旗下私人股本集团拟入股大连重工
2006-07-21 10:01:24
英国《金融时报》杰夫•代尔(Geoff Dyer)上海、森迪普•塔克(Sundeep Tucker)香港报道
2006年7月21日 星期五
原为美国投资银行摩根大通(JPMorgan Chase)旗下私人股本子公司的CCMP Capital正举行谈判,拟购入大连重工•起重集团(DHI-DCW)的少数股权。后者是中国最大的重型机械制造商之一,总部设在中国东北的大连市,由当地政府控股。
这家中国公司表示,正与数家潜在战略合作伙伴进行磋商,其中包括原名JPMorgan Partners的CCMP Capital。
这些谈判是外资对中国重型机械行业感兴趣的最新例证,而此时,反对外国投资中国经济的民粹主义情绪在中国国内正日益高涨。
中国国务院上个月表示,机械行业所有新的大规模外商投资都需得到国务院的批准,这可能为海外投资者设立了一个新的官僚政治障碍。
中国国务院还明确了机械行业中希望大力扶持的12个特殊领域,分析人士认为,这些领域目前可能禁止外资集团进入。
涉及CCMP Capital的谈判,得到了中国国有资产监督管理委员会(State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission,简称国资委)大连分支机构的证实。国资委是负责监管国有企业的政府机构。
国资委表示,国家仍将是大连重工•起重集团的多数股东。
无论是该公司还是国资委都不愿说出其它潜在投资者是谁。美国投资银行摩根士丹利(Morgan Stanley)否认参与了入股大连重工•起重集团的谈判。CCMP Capital拒绝置评。
CCMP Capital是JPMorgan Partners前雇员于今年成立的一家独立的私人股本公司。
因为中国在建筑和基础设施方面的巨额投资,中国机械行业一直吸引着外国风险资本集团。
由于多数大型企业由国家所有,私人股本集团也看到了提高效率的机会。
-
Soaring industrial profits might prompt investment
2006-07-21 09:58:41
Zheng Lifei (China Daily)
Updated: 2006-07-21 08:47
China''s industrial firms garnered a combined 810.7 billion yuan (US$101.4 billion) in profits in the first half of 2006, up 28 per cent from the same period a year earlier, the National Bureau of Statistics said yesterday.
The pace of industrial earnings growth accelerated from 25.5 per cent in the first five months, 22.1 per cent in the first four months and 21.3 per cent in the first quarter. This has raised concerns among some economists that the improved profitability might stoke already red-hot fixed asset investment growth if companies pour their profits back into expansion projects.
The robust industrial earnings growth, primarily driven by soaring profits in sectors such as non-ferrous metals, transportation equipment production and energy, is in line with the surging economy, which grew 10.9 per cent in the first half of this year.
The profits of non-ferrous metal firms rocketed 99.3 per cent in the first six months from a year earlier, while profits in the transportation equipment-making sector jumped 61.1 per cent in the same period, the National Bureau of Statistics said in a statement posted on its website yesterday.
The steel industry, buffeted by rising iron ore costs and declining steel prices, saw its profit dropping 20 per cent in the first six months from a year earlier, while the oil refinery and coking industry lost a net 27.7 billion yuan (US$2.8 billion) in the first six months of this year.
The industrial firms'' rising profitability is raising concerns among some economists that it might spur companies to reinvest more of their earnings in fixed assets such as plants and equipment to fuel their future expansion, resulting in an upsurge in fixed-asset investment growth.
The improved industrial profitability means companies have more capital at their own disposal and therefore make their investments greater," said Han Meng, an economist with the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
This, the economist said, might complicate the government''s on-going push to cool down the economy, which it fears is overheating.
Chinese economic growth accelerated to a stunning 11.3 per cent in the second quarter from a year earlier, the fastest pace in more than a decade, according to figures released by the bureau earlier this week.
Urban fixed-asset investment soared 31.3 per cent in the first six months of this year, after it expanded 30.3 per cent in the first five months.
"The roaring economy may make companies more likely to flex their financial muscles and plough more of their earnings back into plants and other fixed assets investment to fuel their future expansion," Han said.
Divided into firms, private industrial enterprises reported the fastest earnings growth, followed by joint-stock companies, the statistics showed.
Profits made by private industrial enterprises surged 52.9 per cent in the first six month of this year from a year earlier, to 118.2 billion yuan (US$14.8 billion).
Joint-stock companies made a total of 440.6 billion yuan (US$55.8 billion) profit, climbing 30.5 per cent on a year-on-year basis.
State-owned industrial firms realized 364.2 billion yuan (US$45.5 billion) profits in the first six months of this year, a year-on-year increase of 18.6 per cent.
Profits of the industrial firms grew 23 per cent and 40 per cent in 2005 and 2004 respectively, according to the National Bureau of Statistics.
-
New policy expected to aid semiconductor industry
2006-07-20 10:04:12
By Liu Baijia (China Daily)
Updated: 2006-07-20 09:00
A new policy guideline for the semiconductor industry is expected later this year, as China looks to the sector as a core part of its high-tech strategy.
Li Ke, an official with the China Semiconductor Industry Association, said the National Development and Reform Commission has organized a fresh round of consultation with experts and ministries, to figure out a policy for the development of the semiconductor business. The consultations have been held over several rounds, and ministries and organizations are now thought to be quite close to reaching an agreement on the guideline.
In 2000, China announced a guideline to encourage the development of the semiconductor and software industries, but plans for a value-added tax (VAT) reduction sparked angry complaints from the United States, Japan and the European Union.
The guideline said the VAT burden of semiconductor companies in China should not exceed 3 per cent, but it was believed to give an unfair advantage to domestic products over imported products, which are required to pay 17 per cent VAT.
Although China claimed the actual tax burden was different to the tax rate, the government agreed to scrap the proposed VAT reduction.
However, semiconductors, known as the heart of modern technology, are such a high priority that since 2004 the government has been considering new measures to support the semiconductor industry, without infringing the World Trade Organization''s principles.
Li said yesterday that there are several drafts of the new measures and the government wants to formulate a mid-term plan for the industry, which will guide it over the coming five years.
One key component is a business income tax exemption and reduction.
Under the current Chinese taxation system, foreign-invested companies pay no income tax in the first two years after they begin to make a profit. In the next three years, the income tax rate is halved.
The new proposal says semiconductor companies will not need to pay income tax for the first five years after they become profitable, and will only pay half their income taxes over the next five years.
Yang Xueming, a member of the team drafting the 2000 guideline, said financial support for research and development is another targeted area.
China has already set up a 500 million yuan (US$62.5 million) fund to help semiconductor companies'' research.
The proposals also include research loans, or using research expenditure to offset taxes.
Richard Chang, president and CEO of Shanghai-based Semiconductor Manufacturing International, the biggest semiconductor company on the Chinese mainland, said China could learn from Taiwan, where the government gave financial assistance to research and development.
He added the government should also tempt experts from overseas to work in China with income tax reductions.
Other proposed policies include allowing tax reductions on imported equipment, or setting up a special fund for integrated circuit design.
Yang estimated that China still needs 200 billion yuan (US$25 billion) of investment in the semiconductor industry before 2010, so the Government should also work out a plan to help companies get financial backing, as the semiconductor industry, especially manufacturing, is a cash-thirsty business. -
Investment Pros Lose Their Appetite For Risk
2006-07-19 09:31:53
For the first time since the last bear market ended in 2002, a broad swath of professional investors are reevaluating where to put their money.
They are moving away from the high-flying investments that have rewarded them handsomely for years and are now seeking out something they had come to despise: quality.
Brett Gallagher, co-head of global stock investment at Julius Baer Investment Management in New York, is dumping once-trendy stocks from far-flung places like India, betting instead on developing economies with what he considers better long-term prospects, including Poland''s. He''s avoiding regional banks with lots of exposure to consumer loans, preferring bigger global players. Also off his radar: anything favored by fast-money hedge funds -- ''renters, not owners,'' he scoffs. Instead, he likes more staid stocks, such as General Electric Co.
''It is clear which stocks have an investor base and which are powered by near-term speculation,'' Mr. Gallagher says. ''For anyone who is an investor as opposed to a renter of stocks, upgrading to quality in the portfolio is going to pay benefits.''
Money managers are concluding that it''s time to cut back on their holdings of the volatile and increasingly speculative investments that until recently had been soaring -- gold, industrial commodities, real estate as well as small stocks and many developing-country stocks.
''Starting in 2002 and 2003, it was ''the riskier the investment the better.'' Now, the tide has shifted,'' says Jeff Schappe, chief investment officer of BB&T Corp.''s BB&T Asset Management in Raleigh, North Carolina.
As the era of cheap borrowing ends and the economic climate grows more conservative, investment pros are betting that higher-quality investments will fare better in a slower economy -- and suffer less if there''s a bear market. But they don''t all define ''quality'' in the same way. Here is a look at some of their strategies:
Pick Less Volatile Stocks
Money manager Janna Sampson of OakBrook Investments in Lisle, Ill., decided it was time to adjust her investment approach in May, after CNBC anchor Maria Bartiromo reported on an off-the-cuff remark made by Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke at a May social gathering in Washington. He told the journalist the market was wrong in its perception that the Fed was poised to stop raising rates.
''It was after Bernanke made his now-famous comments at the White House Correspondents Dinner,'' Ms. Sampson recalls. After that, ''we started to see every Fed president and every Fed board member making more hawkish comments.''
Ms. Sampson trimmed holdings of stocks such as McDonald''s Corp. and Waste Management Inc. that were up sharply and could fare less well if economic growth slowed. She cut back on H.J. Heinz Co., because it was up on speculative buying, not on fundamentals, after an activist investor pressed for strategic changes. She shifted money into stocks that haven''t been as sought-after and for which expectations are lower, such as Kimberly-Clark Corp. and Microsoft Corp.
In April, Susan Malley, president of Malley Associates Capital Management in New York, pulled back from the bets she had made on economic growth last year. She reduced holdings in smaller companies and in those closely tied to economic expansion. Among them: oil drillers such as Diamond Offshore Drilling Inc., and technology companies like communications-chip maker Broadcom Corp., and software maker Cognos Inc.
She shifted toward larger oil-industry stocks, including Schlumberger Ltd. and Baker Hughes Inc. and boosted exposure to companies with steady sales streams, such as PepsiCo Inc., Kellogg Co., CVS Corp. and Procter & Gamble Co. Although they tended to be laggards until recently, these so-called Big Uglies look safer and more stable now, she says.
A typical account at her firm went to 14% tech stocks, down from 18% at the end of March. ''We have reduced them not because we don''t like them but because we want a little less volatility,'' she says.
Mr. Gallagher, of Julius Baer, notes that stocks such as U.S. Steel Corp., Apple Computer Inc., copper-producer Phelps Dodge Corp. and chip-maker Advanced Micro Devices Inc. all have seen rapid buying and selling in recent months. He sees that as a sure sign of excessive interest by hedge funds, the fast-trading investment pools that cater mainly to deep-pocketed investors.
Because fickle hedge funds can suddenly dump large amounts of shares -- making stock prices fall sharply -- he is bullish on stocks in which trading has been quieter. He likes GE, United Parcel Service Inc. and PepsiCo -- companies whose fundamentals he believes make them good longterm prospects.
Beware Consumer Stocks
BB&T''s Mr. Schappe has a secret weapon to track consumer demand: his father, who sells real estate in mobile-home parks in Punta Gorda, on Florida''s west coast.
''A year ago, we liked consumer discretionary stocks a lot more,'' Mr. Schappe says. But his research showed loan delinquencies on the rise, and his father reported that his customers'' buying power was weakening.
To cut its exposure to discretionary stocks -- those that rise and fall with consumer spending on nonessential goods -- BB&T trimmed holdings of handbag retailer Coach Inc. and women''s clothing retailer Chico''s FAS Inc. It also pared holdings of computer-chip makers such as Broadcom and National Semiconductor Corp.
''Consumers have pretty much tapped out of their home equity, and that cash register has shown signs of going silent,'' he says. ''We are tending to focus on businesses that sell to businesses.'' To that end, he boosted investments in companies such as Boeing Co., Oracle Corp. and Caterpillar Inc. -- companies with large-scale contracts and good global growth prospects.
Henry Herrmann, chief executive of money-management firm Waddell & Reed in Overland Park, Kan., says pros there have recently sold some stocks and boosted cash reserves. ''I am not thinking that this is all over yet,'' he says of the declines in stock prices.
As his money managers gradually put cash to work, they''re buying U.S.-based infrastructure stocks -- linked to energy, industry and construction.
Mr. Gallagher of Julius Baer is staying away from regional banks, for fear of bad consumer loans. ''We prefer the big diversified companies that have overseas earnings,'' such as Citigroup, he says.
Strategist Joseph Quinlan at Bank of America''s global wealth and investment-management division is telling clients to focus on capital-goods companies and infrastructure builders. Such businesses stand to benefit from continued, even if slowed, economic growth. He has calculated that big banks, brokerage firms and insurance companies as a group now receive 25% of their revenue from abroad, insulating them somewhat from the U.S. consumer.
Think Big, Not Small
The Russell 2000 small-stock index more than doubled during the current bull market, hitting repeated record highs, while the Dow Jones Industrial Average rose roughly half as much and never hit a record. Now, the tables may be turning. Since peaking in May, the Russell is down 7.8%, while the Dow has fallen only 3.6%.
Small stocks typically do best when economic growth is accelerating, because small companies are more nimble and can grow faster. But they also tend to be more dependent on bank loans, making them suffer more when rates rise and economic growth slows.
''If you are at the start of an economic boom, smaller companies might have more room to run. But that isn''t what we are seeing now,'' says Marc Stern, chief investment officer at Bessemer Investment Management in New York.
For some time, analysts have been urging investors to return to once-popular big stocks that had languished and become cheap, and now some investors are listening to that advice.
''A good proxy for quality is size,'' says Mr. Schappe of BB&T. Even fund managers at his firm who specialize in small stocks, he says, ''are buying larger small stocks.''
Large stocks, says Ms. Sampson of OakBrook, often are better protected from difficult markets -- ''by patents, strong brands or barriers to entry.''
But not everyone is persuaded that the small-stock run is done. Small stocks have become particular favorites of hedge funds, precisely because they can rise more sharply when they become hot, says Mr. Herrmann of Waddell & Reed. And hedge funds represent as much as half of stock trading on some trading days.
Seek Quality Foreign Markets
Among the worst places to be over the past two months have been what investors call ''emerging markets'' -- stock markets of developing countries. India, for example, is down 15% from its recent high, in May. Colombia is down 29% from a January high, and in the Philippines the stock market is off 14% from its May peak.
''Emerging markets have become the tech stocks of this decade,'' says Russ Koesterich, senior portfolio manager at Barclays Global Investors in San Francisco.
Nevertheless, investors such as Julius Baer''s Mr. Gallagher are using the downdraft as a chance to buy back in and upgrade to better quality in the process.
Mr. Gallagher has been selling stocks in countries ''that are less good fundamentally, and taking the opportunity to buy those where we think the long-term story is still in place,'' he says.
One problem: Not everyone can agree on which countries offer the best investment quality. Mr. Gallagher favors Eastern Europe because he sees continuing development without inflation or Asia''s dependency on exports. ''Asia is very much dependent on the U.S. consumer. To the extent that the U.S. consumer stumbles, these markets will be more affected,'' he says. He dislikes Mexico, which he says is losing exports to China, and likes Brazil for its strong domestic market.
Mr. Quinlan of Bank of America, who urged clients to get out of emerging markets earlier this year, was largely ignored then, he says. Now, he is telling them to start selectively buying again. But scared off by the recent declines, they still aren''t listening. He sees quality in more-advanced economies such as South Korea, Brazil, Hong Kong and Singapore, but not in Turkey or India, where he sees inflation risks.
Plenty of people remain skeptical of emerging markets in general, preferring Japan and Western Europe.
''We have a saying in the firm: An emerging market is one you can''t emerge from in an emergency,'' says Richard Steinberg, president of Steinberg Global Asset Management in Boca Raton, Fla.
Find a Shield From the Dollar
With investors hoping that the Federal Reserve can stop raising U.S. interest rates some time this summer, and with governments in Europe and Asia sending signals that they will boost rates in the future, investors are starting to think the dollar could come under attack again.
The dollar is affected by a wide variety of factors, from trade flows to world demand for U.S. investments. The dollar tends to be stronger when U.S. interest rates are high compared with foreign rates, since higher interest rates make the dollar more attractive to hold.
That''s why many pros are looking for ways to invest abroad, and why they are looking for other ways to bet against the dollar as well.
Mr. Steinberg is betting that the euro will rise again. He is buying an exchange-traded fund that tracks the euro''s value. He thinks the dollar could weaken ahead of U.S. elections, especially if the Fed signals an intention to stop raising U.S. rates.
''We think the thing to do with all this turbulence in the dollar is to keep a higher allocation to foreign markets,'' says Peter Wall, chief investment officer at Chase Private Client Services, a brokerage and money-management arm of J.P. Morgan Chase.
But not everyone is so sure. ''Money is coming back to the dollar,'' says Mr. Herrmann of Waddell & Reed. He thinks nervousness about foreign investments could keep money at home and prevent the dollar from falling too hard.
To profit from any dollar decline without taking much risk, some investors are simply focusing on large multinationals that derive profits in many currencies. If the dollar weakens, their offshore income rises. If it doesn''t, investors still benefit from the stocks'' overall quality.
Bob Bissell, president of Wells Capital Management, a money-management arm of Wells Fargo, fears U.S. stocks could remain in the doldrums this summer. ''Now, people are being paid to wait -- they are getting a good return in money-market funds,'' he says.
E.s. Browning
-
Solid retail growth set to continue
2006-07-19 09:28:02
By Zhang Lu (China Daily)
Updated: 2006-07-19 08:49
China''s retail sales grew steadily during the first six months of 2006 and a solid consumption growth trend will be maintained in the second half of the year.
Retail sales rose 13.3 per cent year-on-year in the January to June period to 3.6448 trillion yuan (US$455.6 billion), the National Bureau of Statistics said yesterday.
Actual growth was 12.4 per cent, 0.4 of a percentage point higher than a year ago.
Sales in June alone rose 13.9 per cent to 605.8 billion yuan (US$75.7 billion).
"The relatively rapid growth of retail sales, accounting for around 65 per cent of the total social consumption, indicates consumption is now providing more support to the country''s economy," said Qi Jingmei, a senior economist with the State Information Centre.
According to Qi, consumption in both urban and rural areas registered more than 10 per cent growth. Such a high growth rate has seldom been seen in rural areas.
"The major reasons behind the strong consumption are the country''s robust economic growth and increasing incomes," she said.
The current round of economic growth began in 2003, creating a good market environment for consumers and boosting spending confidence, she said.
And as investment continued to boom, a significant portion directly or indirectly transferred into consumption power.
Consumer spending was also driven by higher incomes, Qi said.
Figures released by the National Bureau of Statistics said per capita disposable income in towns and cities was 5,997 yuan (US$749.6) for the first half of the year, a growth of 10.2 per cent.
Farmers'' per capita cash income was 1,797 yuan (US$224.6), 11.9 per cent higher than over the same period last year. Their income from working in the cities jumped 20.1 per cent, 3.5 percentage points higher compared with a year ago.
The trend of solid consumption growth will be maintained during the second half of 2006 and even into early next year, as economic growth continues and incomes increase," Qi said.
Rapid economic growth spurs consumption and the effect generally shows up four to five quarters later.
As for overall industrial growth, inhibiting factors like supply of coal and electricity weakened this year, allowing higher consumption ability.
Moreover, the recent salary rise for public servants, retirees and military staff, as well as anticipation of higher incomes, will boost China''s spending.
"The upgrading of the consumption structure will push up consumption volume as well," Qi said.
According to a recent report by the State Information Centre, consumption tends to be focused on high value-added products.
The top five categories for the January to May period were petroleum products, vehicles, telecom products, jewellery, and construction and decoration; all had a year-on-year growth of more than 25 per cent.
Statistics released yesterday said sales of telecom products grew 25.5 per cent in the first half, sales of petroleum products rose 38.4 per cent, while vehicle sales climbed 27.7 per cent.
Another factor that will push up consumption is more spending on services. In 2005, China''s per capita gross domestic product (GDP) reached US$1,700.
"History shows service consumption will enjoy a boom at this stage," Qi said.
However, compared with a 29.8 per cent growth in fixed-assets investment and a 23.4 per cent growth in trade during the first half, consumption growth, with a 13.3 per cent rise in retail sales, is relatively slow.
"Its contribution to the economy is much lower than that of investment and trade," said Zhuang Jian, an economist with the Asian Development Bank.
The percentage of household consumption of the GDP dropped from 48.4 per cent to 38.2 per cent in the same period.
The government has adopted a strategic focus to boost domestic consumption in the 11th Five-Year Plan Period, in a bid to reduce the economy''s reliance on investment and trade.
It is widely agreed that the current economic growth model, driven by fixed-assets investment, is unsustainable.
But making consumption into a powerful engine for growth in investment and exports may not be easy, said Zhuang.
"Inequality of income is one of the major factors hindering further consumption," he said. The small group of high-income earners tend to invest, while the large group of low-income earners have limited consumption power.
In addition, rising healthcare costs, housing prices and tuition fees have made consumers cautious about spending.
Though the government is moving to reform the distribution system and improve the social security network, it will take time before people are better off and the welfare infrastructure is established.
"As long as these two problems remain unsolved, consumption is unlikely to get a big boost," Zhuang said, predicting retail sales will maintain the growth rate of around 13 per cent in the second half of the year.
-
中国公司如何打破美国投资壁垒
2006-07-18 14:41:22
David M. Marchick Edward M. Graham
当上世纪八十年代日本人鲸吞美国企业和资产时,美国的国会议员、工会领袖和企业管理人士开始惊呼“日本人来了!”虽然外国投资者在美国经济发展中一直扮演著重要角色──特别是在1870年至1914年美国工业革命的晚期──但批评人士那时还是警告称,说到日本,情况就不同了。包括时任麻省理工学院史隆管理学院(MIT Sloan School of Management)院长的莱斯特•梭罗(Lester Thurow)以及杂志发行人出身后来竞选过美国总统的史蒂夫•福布斯(Steve Forbes)等人曾担心,日本经济影响力的不断增强可能会严重威胁到美国未来的财富和权利。MIT的经济学家鲁迪格•多恩布什(Rudiger Dornbusch)1988年时曾说:“一些人似乎担心,当他们拿起电话时,电话另一头的那个人会说''Moshi!Moshi!''”
20年后的今天,相似的言论又对准了来自中国的投资。尽管无论是共和党政府还是民主党政府都一直鼓励中国在国内实施市场自由化改革,但美国国会对中国在美投资的增加却日益感到不安。
那么中国投资者能从日本人的经验中学到些什么呢?是否应以不同于对待其他外来投资的态度看待中国的在美投资呢?
为了对不断增长的敌意做出回应,日本公司在上世纪八十年代实施了各种各样的策略以期被美国社会所接纳。 由于多数官方批评都来自国会而不是州及地方政府,包括尼康(Nikon)、索尼(Sony)、松下(Panasonic)和东芝(Toshiba)在内的众多日本公司都建立或扩大了驻华盛顿的代表机构,以期为自己营造一个更加积极的形象。目前,有37家日本公司在华盛顿设有这类代表处,这使日本成为在美国首都开设代表处第三多的国家。
由于文化方面的原因,与美国企业相比,日本公司在实施其超越策略方面一直比较低调。它们试图通过与智库、记者和前政府官员等第三方合作的方式塑造华盛顿对日本投资的主流意见。特别值得一提的是,华盛顿的各个智库从八十年代中期起就开始举办有关日本投资的各种论坛,发表证明日本投资对美国经济有益的研究报告。在许多情况下日本公司都对这类研究提供了赞助,它们或是向智库的这类学术活动提供资金,或是与从事这些研究的学者相互合作。这类行为至今仍在继续。
因此日本公司得以向人们展示:与许多人所担心的截然相反,在美投资的日本公司经常聘用美国人担任高层管理职务,它们还从美国生产商那里购买资本货物。美国经济分析局(Bureau of Economic Analysis)2002年发表报告说,日本公司在美国创造的工作岗位已经超过83.4万个。仅汽车生产商本田公司(Honda)一家就雇用了超过27,500名美国人,这些人每年的工资额达16.9亿美元;自1982年以来,本田公司美国供应商的数量已经从40家增加到550多家。本田公司的情况并非个别,丰田汽车公司(Toyota)从北美供应商那里采购的零部件和原材料目前超过了110亿美元。
日本公司也在基层政府层面上寻求支持。虽然日本公司受到美国许多州长的热情欢迎,如田纳西州前州长拉马尔•亚历山大(Lamar Alexander)在上世纪八十年代就成功地吸引日产汽车公司(Nissan)和小松公司(Komatsu)前来田纳西州投资,但日本的公司仍然努力将自己整合到无数的当地社区中去。遵循“在你出售产品的地方从事生产”这一格言,日本公司成功缓解了那种认为它们在美投资只是为了给从日本进口产品开辟销售渠道的担忧。例如,本田汽车公司在俄亥俄州的发动机工厂是该公司最大的发动机生产厂,该厂每年的发动机产量超过100万台;2001年,丰田汽车在西弗吉尼亚州的工厂成为它在日本以外首家生产自动传动装置的工厂。亚拉巴马州州长堂•西格尔曼(Don Siegelman)2001年提到丰田汽车投资2.2亿美元在该州兴建V8发动机工厂一事时说:“丰田汽车和亚拉巴马之间的合作伙伴关系为亚拉巴马的家庭提供了改善生活质量的希望和梦想。”
丰田汽车公司在得克萨斯州圣安东尼奥开设了一家大工厂,该公司向当地的基金会捐赠了50多万美元。而索尼影视娱乐有限公司(Sony Pictures Entertainment)则与加利福尼亚州的Culver City Schools合作,向当地提供新的教学设备并对当地的教师和学生进行培训。索尼公司的员工在当地学校义务从事植树和粉刷墙壁的工作,他们还为六年级学生上科学课的需要建造了一个蝴蝶园。Culver City联合社区的负责人劳拉•麦克高希(Laura McGaughey)说:“感谢我们与索尼影视娱乐有限公司结成的合作伙伴关系,Culver视觉和表演艺术学院已经成了艺术教育方面的领头人,并成了一个学生能够追寻梦想的地方。”
这种情况并非绝无仅有。在美国各地,许多日本公司都在为地方的社区建设贡献力量。从小联盟棒球队到儿童癌症研究中心,日本公司向各类地方机构捐助了成百上千万美元。日本公司实际是在仿效美国公司的做法──投资、培养社区支持力量、取悦当地政治家以及拓宽与其投资相关联的经济利益。
改善形象
对于正重走20年前日本公司老路的中国企业而言,日本企业融入美国社会的策略无疑能提供一些有用的借鉴。就像上世纪80年代对日本一样,美国国会和政府对中国竞争力的不断增强、两国间的巨大贸易逆差和中国出口为导向的增长策略感到忧心忡忡。
同时,日本和中国的投资趋势也存在重大差异。比如,对日本投资的一个主要批评意见是日本经济对海外投资是封闭的。但尽管中国仍存在许多问题,但却并不封闭;它甚至还是全球第二大外国投资接收国。截至2004年底,仅美国在中国的投资额就超过了154亿美元,这还很可能低估了真实的金额。
而且,80年代时,美国对日本投资的担忧主要集中在经济领域,而现在对中国投资的担忧既有经济方面的,也有国家安全方面的问题。在美国的10大贸易伙伴中,只有中国不被看作是战略和政治盟国。其他9个国家不是北约的成员国就是美国军火出口的接收国。
在美国的日本投资者基本都是私营企业,而有实力在海外进行投资的中国公司,多数都为中国政府所有或是控股。最近的一项研究估计,截至2004年底在大约1,300家中国上市企业中,只有大约30家是真正的私有企业;其余公司最终都为国家所控制。
政府拥有企业所有权常常会让人产生这样的疑问:企业的决策到底是从商业利益、还是从国家利益出发的?鉴于美国在战略层面对中国的担忧,众多中国公司由政府控制的事实将导致美国政府按照国家安全程序对中国投资进行严格审查。这个程序是在1988年制定的,由美国海外投资委员会(Committee on Foreign Investment, 简称CFIUS)负责实施,当时国会正对来自日本投资的增长感到忧虑。
但政府所有并不是可能导致CFIUS严格审查的唯一因素。该委员会针对任何项目都会重点审查的一项是:敏感的、受出口管制的技术是否被转移到了其他国家,而无论收购者来自哪国。这一点在中国公司收购案中也有体现,主要原因是在九十年代末至本世纪初,出现了一系列中国公司违反美国出口管制法律法规的突出案例。
中方的间谍行为一直是美国反间谍机构的心头之患,包括司法部(Department of Justice)、国防部、国土安全部(Homeland Security)和联邦调查局(Federal Bureau of Investigation)。他们担心某些中国公司可能被用来为间谍活动做掩护。只要五角大楼仍然认为中国可疑,CFIUS就会从中国军事力量可能受到的影响来审查中国公司对美国企业的收购交易。
对美国决策者来说,中方的收购还会引出许多不同的经济问题需要考虑。举例来说,日本公司大量资金是以全新投资的方式流向美国制造业的,而中国公司在制造业领域已经拥有了不少相对优势,例如制造业劳动成本低廉和大量通往美国市场的渠道。中国公司对在美国兴建制造基地的兴趣并不大,他们更重视借此发展具备全球竞争力的管理技能和全球化品牌。此外,中国公司热衷于收购具备战略意义的资产,尤其是那些可能引起美国人在政治和国土安全方面焦虑的行业,例如:能源。
即使如此,中国在美国的大部分投资并不能招来CFIUS的审查。只有外商在美国的投资可能影响到国土安全时才会被审查。比如说,2005年夏季中国公司海尔(Haier)收购美国白色家电生产商Maytag的计划就不需要提交CFIUS审查。同理,绝大多数针对零售、房地产、或汽车等行业的中国投资都不需要接受国土安全方面的审查。
但是,不管身处哪个行业,中国公司要想成功进入美国市场,还需要更精明老道地处理交易可能引起的政界反对声浪。为此,中国公司需要表明态度,承诺要为当地创造工作机会、遵守美国法律法规、做一名好雇主,要像最好的美国公司那样学习融入到当地社区中。通过在那些不会引起国土安全担忧的领域不断投资,中国公司会逐步积累经验,从中获益。为了尽可能在美国获得良好的投资回报,中国公司应该重点在那些它们拥有明显无形资产优势(例如更好的产品或加工技术)的领域投资,就像大多数日本成功企业所做的那样。
在美国这方面,美国应该继续支持中国融入全球经济体系的努力,将中国对外投资的活动视作其经济发展的必然和积极之举。鼓励美国公司在中国投资、同时又阻挠中国公司在美国投资的政策,无论从经济角度还是国家利益角度而言,都是难以为继且不合理的。美国应该鼓励中国继续吸引外商投资,同时欢迎中国企业不断到美国投资。这样,美中两国都能从中受益。
(编者按:本文作者David M. Marchick是Covington & Burling律师事务所合伙人,曾任克林顿(Clinton)政府副助理国务卿。Edward M. Graham是国际经济研究所(Institute for International Economics)高级研究员。二人共同撰写了《美国国家安全与外商直接投资》(U.S. National Security and Foreign Direct Investment)一书(国际经济研究所2006年5月出版))
(本文译自《远东经济评论》)
香港时间2006年07月18日14:04更新 -
新规或将阻碍外资零售商在华扩张步伐
2006-07-18 09:22:24
中国政府正在起草针对大型购物中心的监管规定,此举可能会阻碍沃尔玛连锁公司(Wal-Mart Stores Inc.)和家乐福(Carrefour)等海外零售商的扩张计划。
如果实施这些规定,大型零售商需要提交拟开设新店的详细规划,并就对社区的影响举行听证会,这将会增加大型零售商的成本,使申请手续更为繁琐。
据参与起草规定的中国商务部(Ministry of Commerce)官员称,国务院(State Council)正在对这些规定进行审议,可能会在今年晚些时候发布。规定既适用于国外零售商,也适用于国内零售商。但部分业内管理人士称,此举对海外大型零售商的影响更大。自中国在2005年初放开零售业以来,许多海外企业一直计划著在中国大举扩张。
房地产机构高纬物业(Cushman & Wakefield)的中国商务服务部董事杨创(Leo Yeung)说,这将使海外大型零售企业和大商场的投资者对进军中国中小城市和内陆地区的计划更加谨慎。
尽管是试点,但对城市中的项目召开公众听证会在中国却是一个相对较新的概念。在实际过程中,居委会和社区组织对项目的确立几乎没有发言权,不过现在他们正开始变得更为主动。
草案可能对联华超市股份有限公司(Lianhua Supermarket Holdings Co. Ltd.)和北京物美商业集团股份有限公司(Wumart Stores Inc., 简称:物美商业)等本地企业有利。许多中国零售商一直在游说政府,要求解决当地政府中存在的、偏向资金充裕的知名海外零售商的问题。中国商业地产联盟(China Commercial Real Estate Union)秘书长、商务部高级顾问王永平说,我们不会限制外国投资者在中国的发展,我们只是希望商业布局更加平衡,更加科学。外国公司不能再获得政府的特殊优惠。
该规定的细节还可能出现变化。据王永平和商务部的官员称,按目前的形式,规定由两部分组成。各城市需要提交商业规划的详细蓝图,其中包括居民区周围的百货商店、大型超市和其它零售店的规划。
申请建立1万平方米以上商店的零售商需要召开听证会,这同北美和欧洲国家的做法基本一致。听证会的参加者包括监管部门、行业协会、专家学者、竞争对手以及当地居民代表。
自2003年以来,一些城市曾举行过听证会试点。王永平说,这些听证会从来都没有叫停过哪个项目,预计今后也是如此。但他表示,听证会可能带来项目成本的提高,比如,当地政府可能要求零售商增加人行通道以改善交通。
海外零售商在这个规定的详细内容正式公布前不愿加以评论。但部分人士私下里表示了担忧。一位海外零售企业的管理人员称,规定的措辞非常聪明,它并未明确表示适用于外国公司,但却根据规模进行限制,而这正是外国零售商的特点。因此,这将会损害外国零售商。
中国美国商会(American Chamber of Commerce)副主席詹姆斯•齐默尔曼(James Zimmerman)在回复记者提问的电子邮件中表示,如果拟议中的规定对外国零售商进行了不合理、不公平地限制,那么中国就相当于是设立了非关税壁垒,从而违反了世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization)的准则。我们将可以对此提出异议。
家乐福驻上海发言人王晓忠(Todd Wang)称,他知道起草中的规定,但表示公司并不清楚其中的详细内容。记者未能联系到沃尔玛的管理人员就此置评。上海百联集团股份有限公司(Shanghai Brilliance Group Co. Ltd., 简称:G百联)的一位管理人员对制定中的规定表示欢迎。他说,海外零售商一直获得当地政府的特殊照顾和优惠待遇。但政府如果希望我们变强,就应该更好地保护民族企业。G百联拥有联华超市等大型超市连锁店。
自2001年加入WTO以来,中国一直在逐步放松对零售业的监管。去年,中国废除了要求海外零售商必须同国内合作伙伴组建合资企业的规定,引发了海外零售商的扩张热潮。沃尔玛宣布,计划在目前60家店的基础上再增加大约18家店;而家乐福计划在目前79家店的基础上再增加12家店。Best Buy Co.、德国麦德龙(Metro Group AG)、英国Tesco PLC和瑞士零售商宜家(Ikea)及Hennes & Mauritz AB也都宣布将进入中国或扩大在华业务。
中国官员称,这一规定也是为了降低浪费。近年来,中国建设了一些全球最大的购物中心。但零售业管理人士称,其中有许多都未能把客流量转变为强劲的销售。
如果听证会能发挥作用,该规定也会有助于保护当地的旧城区。为满足中国现代化的需求,许多旧城区正面临被拆除的命运,特别是为准备2008年北京奥运会和2010年的上海世博会,当地许多旧城区都将被拆迁。房地产咨询机构仲量联行(Jones Lang Lasalle)上海研究部负责人何迈可(Michael Hart)说,在过去,政府非常渴望兴建大项目。这将重新引起对旧城区保护的关注。
Mei Fong
香港时间2006年07月17日15:07更新 -
China to continue economic controls
2006-07-18 09:21:50
Xinhua)
Updated: 2006-07-17 16:49
China''s economy still faces challenges with overheating investment and over-capacity in manufacturing despite government attempts to cool growth in the first six months, government figures to be released on Tuesday are expected to show.
The National Bureau of Statistics will publish the gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate for the first half, as well as the latest fixed asset investment growth rate, two important indices that influence economic policy-making and could lead to tighter macro-economic controls.
Both figures are expected to remain high with the GDP rate predicted to exceed the 10.3-percent rise in the first quarter, despite government attempts to curb what many analysts fear could become an economic bubble.
From January to May, urban fixed asset investment jumped an extraordinary 30.3 percent over the same period last year.
Official figures show investment projects approved by local governments contributed 90 percent of the total fixed asset investment, with the remainder initiated by the central government.
This year kicks off China''s 11th Five-Year Plan period (2006-2010), and many long-term major projects are looking to attract capital, which some economists regard as an important contributor to the steep rise in investment.
Excessive lending by banks has been blamed for the over-investment problem. In the first half, loans increased by 2.18 trillion yuan, filling 87 percent of the government''s annual target.
Investment in some cooling industries started to rebound again this year. The investment growth in steel and iron sector had slowed to 7.8 percent in first five months last year, but steel price rises boosted the growth rate to 13.7 percent in the same period this year.
The investment growth in the non-ferrous metal industry also rebounded to 34 percent from 24.7 percent due to the metal prices surging on the international market.
Excessive investment has exacerbated oversupply with the National Development and Reform Commission warning that overcapacity still exists in steel and iron, cement, aluminum, coke and coal.
Production lines with low capacity and outdated technology caused serious pollution and waste, while intensified overcapacity further fostered China''s foreign trade imbalance.
Due to limited domestic consumption and higher production capacity, exports in the first six months rose 25.2 percent to 428.59 billion U.S. dollars, while the trade surplus reached 61.45 billion U.S. dollars, up 54.9 percent over the same period last year.
The rocketing trade surplus has pressured the government to further adjust the exchange rate and led into more international trade disputes.
The government has taken measures to rein in excessive lending, eliminate production lines with outdated technologies, encourage mergers and acquisitions and boost imports.
The People''s Bank of China in April raised the minimum rate commercial banks charge on one-year RMB loans by 27 basis points to 5.85 percent in an aggressive move to discourage lending. It was the first increase since October 2004.
It also required domestic commercial banks to raise their required reserves at the central bank by 0.5 percentage points starting on July 5.
Meanwhile, the government has issued circulars urging local authorities to speed up restructuring of industry hampered by overcapacity and pollution. Minister of Commerce Bo Xilai said the government would replace its policy of "all-out efforts to boost exports" with "encouraging and restrictive measures in equal measure".
Outstanding RMB loans totaled 21.53 trillion yuan (2.7 trillion U.S. dollars) at the end of June, up 15.24 percent from June last year, which was 0.73 of a percentage point lower than the January-May period.
The slight slowdown of the loan growth rate proved the moderate effectiveness of the government''s economic dampeners, and the high growth of GDP and investment may lead to more rigorous controls in the latter half, analysts say. -
Nation regulates coal-chemical industry
2006-07-16 09:44:00
Xinhua)
Updated: 2006-07-16 08:36
The Chinese government has just issued a circular on regulating the coal-chemical industry, urging local governments to tighten control of new projects.
The government will not approve coal Liquefaction projects with an annual production capacity under three million tons, methanol or dimethyl ether projects under one million tons and coal-to-alkene projects under 600,000 tons, said a circular released by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) on Friday.
Experts said the move aims to contain possible overheating in the coal-chemical industry.
According to the NDRC, constantly rising oil prices on the world market have prompted the development of the coal-chemical industry in trying to find alternatives for petroleum in China.
China''s methanol production capacity reached 5.36 million tons by the end of 2005. According to incomplete statistics, current methanol production capacity under construction is nearly nine million tons, with over 10 million tons under planning.
As the market has not been fully developed, when all the projects go into production, a surplus capacity is inevitable, said NDRC.
According to the NDRC, as the technology is still in experimental phase, coal liquefaction projects should not be approved until a national development program for the industry is completed.
Coal-chemical projects must meet environmental requirements and those that fail to meet the safety requirements in transportation should not be allowed, said the NDRC.
In the five-year period from 2006 to 2010, China will encourage the development of coal-based chemical fertilizer. The industries of coal liquefaction and coal-made alternatives for petroleum should be developed steadily while the traditional coal-chemical industries that have seen overproduction such as calcium carbide and coke should be kept under control.
-
中国轿车市场为利润而战
2006-07-14 16:20:08
多年来,中国的轿车市场一直是全球最受保护的市场之一,这使部分全球最大的汽车制造商可以轻松地从中获利。不过,这种情形现在已经一去不复返了。
越来越多的海外汽车厂家竞相进入中国,国内许多成立不久的汽车制造商也推出了大量经济型轿车,这引发了残酷的价格大战。
比如,通用汽车公司(General Motors)今年早些时候就将别克君威(Buick Regal)轿车的价格下调了大约10%,以应对丰田汽车公司(Toyota Motor) 5月份在华推出的凯美瑞(Camry)轿车以及中国低价品牌汽车的竞争。
行业咨询机构亚汽资源公司(Automotive Resources Asia)的总裁邓凯(Michael Dunne)说,中国正在成为世界上价格竞争最为激烈的市场,每辆汽车获得的利润还在继续下滑。
尽管需求大幅增长,但轿车价格的下跌期已经到来。今年上半年,轿车销售量比去年同期增长了36%以上。
需求的强劲增长和成本的削减保证了公司的利润率不会受到降价的很大冲击。但随著销售量在今后几个月或几年的时间里减缓至更加可持续的水平,这种效应将给汽车制造商带来严峻得多的挑战。中国的消费者现在越来越青睐价格更低的微型车,而制造商从中获得的利润也更低。
一些公司正在感受到这种压力。通用汽车公布2005年中国业务的利润为3.27亿美元,比2004年下降了22%。大众汽车(Volkswagen) 2005年亏损了1.19亿欧元(1.51亿美元),而2004年则获利2.22亿欧元。大众汽车的中国业务占该公司2005年全球汽车总销量的11%左右,低于2004年的近13%。
分析师称,在激烈的竞争中处于最有利位置的是日本制造商和占据成本优势的中国国内企业。
美林(Merrill Lynch)驻香港分析师麦翠华(Grace Mak)建议,对中国汽车行业感兴趣的投资者可以考虑将资金投入到骏威汽车有限公司(Denway Motors Ltd., 简称:骏威汽车)、吉利汽车控股有限公司(Geely Automobile Holdings, 简称:吉利汽车)和东风汽车集团股份有限公司(Dongfeng Motor Group Co.),这三家公司都在香港上市。
骏威汽车持有本田汽车(Honda Motor Co.)在中国一家合资企业的股份,而东风汽车则持有本田汽车和日产汽车(Nissan)在华合资企业的股份。
中国国内汽车企业今年前5个月的汽车销量比2005年同期增长了60%以上,吉利汽车就是这其中的一员。
麦翠华说,吉利汽车在低端市场的基础很牢固,且正在逐步制造和销售更高端的轿车。
吉利汽车和东风汽车的股价今年大幅攀升,而骏威汽车的股价在涨涨跌跌之后,仍维持在2006年年初的价位附近。周四,吉利汽车下跌3%,收于0.97港元(12美分),而东风汽车下跌4.8%,收于3.48港元,骏威汽车下跌2.8%,收于2.58港元。
亚汽资源的邓凯说,通用汽车也处于有利的竞争位置,因为该公司可以同其韩国子公司通用大宇汽车及技术公司(GM Daewoo Auto & Technology)分担研发成本,后者主要从事小型车的开发。
通用汽车在中国的合作伙伴上海汽车工业(集团)总公司(Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation)本周表示,计划将在通用汽车、大众汽车和其他合资汽车制造企业中的股份注入到其上市子公司上海汽车股份有限公司(Shanghai Automotive Co. Ltd., 简称:G上汽)中。
尽管G上汽主要是汽车零部件公司,但在重组后,这家上市企业将为投资者提供从通用汽车和其它公司的成功中获利的机会。该公司管理人员表示,他们不能预计重组过程将需要多长时间。
大众汽车通过合作方式进入中国市场已经有20多年的历史了。该公司称,自2001年以来,轿车的平均价格已经下跌了30%以上。面对激烈的竞争,该公司去年表现不佳,但今年凭借一系列新改进车型,公司的情况已经有所好转。
汽车价格可能还会进一步下调。大众汽车称,预计从现在到2010年,整个中国市场的汽车平均售价还将下跌12%。邓凯及其他分析师称,价格战可能会更加猛烈。
中国的大多数汽车买家都是首次购车。这意味著品牌忠诚度起到的作用不大,因此价格在购买决策中发挥的作用要大于一些更加发达的市场。
部分分析师称,跨国汽车制造商的战略计划可能也将推动价格继续下跌,因为中国已经是仅次于美国的全球第二大轿车市场,而且很可能会是汽车行业未来扩张的主战场,因此跨国公司都会尽力保持在这个市场上的占有率。
主要汽车制造商还希望中国国内市场的竞争压力会减缓中国汽车厂家进军国际市场的速度。
通用汽车亚洲区总裁尼克•莱利(Nick Reilly)说,价格下跌是一个严峻的挑战,我们需要像在其他地区一样,在中国积极主动地降低成本,提高生产率。
为了降低成本,外国汽车制造商正在增加汽车零配件的本地采购数量。产量的提高也有利于制造商从规模经济中获利。
小排量车的销量增幅要高于中高排量的轿车。根据亚汽资源的数据,在2005年,售价低于12,000美元的轿车销量增长幅度最大。这种趋势可能还会更加明显,因为政府提高了大排量汽车的税率,上调了汽油价格,以此鼓励燃油经济性。
Gordon Fairclough
香港时间2006年07月14日11:52更新
-
亚洲传统草药业渐成气候
2006-07-14 09:38:04
在两次试图通过试管婴儿胚胎植入术受孕均告失败后,墨尔本的居民米歇尔•哈里森(Michelle Harrison)什么其他方法都想试试。所以她一面在墨尔本试管婴儿胚胎植入诊所(Melbourne IVF)继续尝试人工受孕,一面又到墨尔本的Holistic Health Group接受了一个疗程的针灸治疗。其结果是双喜临门:她不仅在今年1月生下了女儿凯特琳•艾丽莎•哈里森(Caitlin Aleisha Harrison),出乎意料的是,她每年都要出现的过敏反应也找到了对症治疗的新方法。
这位35岁的母亲谈到她接受的针灸治疗时说:“这种治疗花粉热的方法真神奇。我平生第一次没有吃药就平安度过了整个花粉热季节。”
成功怀孕和减少面巾纸花费只是一种消费新潮流激起的两朵小浪花而已,消费者目前对依托亚洲传统药物而开发的产品和服务兴趣日渐浓厚。美国的雅诗兰黛(Estee Lauder Cos.)和可口可乐(Coca-Cola Co.)等消费品公司以及资生堂(Shiseido Co. )等日本化妆品公司的研究人员正越来越多地从民间药物中寻找开发日用品和保健品的灵感。
香港中药研究所Jockey Club Institute of Chinese Medicine的执行董事埃德蒙德•李(Edmund Lee)说:“现实情况是现有的西药无法满足当前的医疗需要。”这家研究所成立于2001年,它有一笔6,400万美元的捐款用于传统医药的研究。
印度的古老医药阿育吠陀(Ayurveda)和中国的传统中药等在西方经常被称做“补充性”或“替代性”药物,但它们现在在亚洲以外正拥有越来越多的喜好者。美国国立卫生研究院(National Institutes of Health)替代药物部提供的数据显示,一项2004年进行的调查发现,超过三分之一的美国18岁以上成年人尝试过草药、针灸和静坐等替代性医药。世界卫生组织(World Health Organization)称,一项2003年进行的调查显示,伦敦和旧金山75%的艾滋病毒感染者都使用传统药物来增强其标准化治疗的疗效。
世界卫生组织提供的数据显示,全球2004年的草药销售总额超过了210亿美元。由于服用传统药物的人数不断增长,世界各国纷纷采取措施规范这类药物的销售。世界卫生组织说,1988年该组织只有14个成员国对草药的销售活动进行了规范。而到2003年,已经增加到了53个国家,另有42个国家正在制定规范措施。
此外,各国政府也试图对传统医药的日渐流行加以利用。例如,越南政府去年就在河西省设立了传统药物研究所(Traditional Medicine and Pharmacy Institute)。创办伊始招收了100名学生,明年准备扩招到300人以上。该研究所计划既研究传统药物也研究西药,推动对越南传统药物的医学研究,以扩大这类药物的使用。
在马来西亚,Borneo Plant Technology Sdn. Bhd.这家企业正与国营的马来西亚森林研究所(Forestry Research Institute of Malaysia)合作,以沙劳越Iban部落的传统药物为基础开发保健品。
Borneo Plant首席执行长格雷姆•布朗(Graeme Brown)说:“这些传统药物已经流传很多年了,但还没人真正检测过它们。”他的公司正以传统药物为基础开发3种产品,一种据称可以降低血压,另一种消除肾结石,还有一种布朗称做“相当于女用伟哥(Viagra)的药物。”这些都来自Iban部落的传统疗法。
并非只有医疗行业在挖掘亚洲的传统药物宝库。资生堂2002年在北京建立了一个研发中心,并在去年11月扩建。该公司2004年在日本市场推出了包括24种化妆品和保健食品在内的系列产品,这些以中药为基础开发的产品被称做“中国风”(Sinoadore),资生堂宣传说这一系列产品“融合了传统中药和西方科学”。
该公司发言人Hiroko Ozeki说,这一系列产品的主要成分是从茶、当归和红花等中国植物中提取的,这些植物都能治疗因气行不畅引起的各种皮肤不适。
雅诗兰黛去年11月在上海开设了自己的研究中心,目前已经在全球推出了许多含有中药成分的产品。例如,其产品Origins Plantidote Mega-Mushroom精华露就含有日本灵芝的成分,另一产品“双重滋养白金级紧肤精华液”则含有黄口根以及女贞果萃取成分。黄口根抗过敏,而女贞传统上则被用来治疗发热和背痛。雅诗兰黛说,女贞可以有效防止皮肤中弹性蛋白的退化以及皱纹的形成。
该公司负责研发的执行副总裁哈维•戈登(Harvey Gedeon)说:“我们要找到那些效果显著的中药成分,例如,我们的产品Perfect World夜间面膜中含有从中国白茶中提取的多酚,这种成分具有强大的抗氧化能力。”
饮料业巨头可口可乐公司也在中药资源开发方面进行投资。去年12月,该公司与中国中医研究院(China Academy of Chinese Medical Science)签署了一份研究开发健康饮料的15年协议。该公司去年还买下了香港公司HealthWorks开发的系列即饮饮料的国际分销权,这些饮料中含有菊花、油甘子等传统中草药成分,油甘子是一种富含抗硬化成分的果实。上周,可口可乐公司在中国推出了两种健康饮料,它们都含有传统中药成分.
可口可乐公司下属研究机构健康饮料研究院(Beverage Institute for Health and Wellness)的亚洲负责人张华英(音)说:“在中国,食品和药品的区分更主观。如果你使用一种成分来治病,它就是药品;如果你用来吃,它就是食品。”
在中国以外的其他地区,传统中药的从业人员也在增加。以弗吉尼亚•斯卡夫(Virginia Scarff)为例,正是这位在墨尔本开业的草药师兼针灸师在米歇尔•哈里森尝试人工受孕和怀孕期间对她进行治疗的。斯卡夫是维多利亚州墨尔本皇家理工大学(RMIT University)中药学院的500名毕业生之一。
该学院1995年成立时是一所两年制学院,主要面向亚洲学生。现在,这家学院提供学制最长达五年的学位教育,它的大多数毕业生都是像斯卡夫一样的西方人。该学院去年获得了“世界卫生组织传统医药合作中心”的称号。
斯卡夫最初的职业方向是医学实验科学家,但她却被中药吸引住了。她解释说,中药“以病人为本……它因人而异实施治疗,所以你必须花很多时间了解你的病人。作为一名科学工作者,这是令人著迷的,因为作为一门在西方的新学科,这儿不断有新的研究成果和新的信息涌现。”
Melbourne IVF的董事长林登•黑尔(Lyndon Hale)说,过去5年中,他看到许多人都有兴趣尝试通过针灸来增加怀上试管婴儿的机会。虽然Melbourne IVF没有针灸医生,但它会介绍自己的病人去其他地方接受针灸治疗。黑尔说针灸治疗能够见效的原因或许是它能缓解压力,而这会对患者产生积极影响;还有可能是针灸的内分泌学机理,针灸可能会对通向脑垂体和内分泌控制中枢的神经产生影响。
澳大利亚阿德莱德大学(University of Adelaide)今年5月发表了一份以1,000名正接受试管婴儿胚胎植入术治疗的妇女为研究对象的报告,发现其中接受针灸治疗的妇女的受孕几率要比仅接受安慰式针灸治疗的妇女高一倍。帮助协调这项研究的罗勃•诺曼(Rob Norman)说,研究人员不知道为什么针灸治疗看来确有疗效,人们清楚的是,针灸“无害而且确实有强有力的证据表明它是十分有帮助的。”
不过,替代性药物要想被全世界所接受还需要克服一些障碍。例如,印度政府今年早些时候开始对出口的阿育吠陀产品中汞、铅和砷等重金属的含量进行检测,因为此前《美国医学会杂志》(Journal of the American Medical Association)刊登的文章称,印度出口的传统药物中重金属的含量很高。
昆明植物研究所(Kunming Institute of Botany)副所长杨永平说:“对于中药,人们难以知道药物中哪种成分是有效的,哪种成分是有害的。一些人批评中药的理由是,(行医者)不知道哪种化学成分是有生物活性的。”
此外,不同国家有关传统药物的规定以及执行这些规定的情况也大相径庭。Borneo Plant的布朗说:“(东方药物的)标准化将是关键。说到底,你必须确保(企业)卖的不是裹在胶囊里的锯末。”
目前人们正在开发的一种用于更年期妇女的古老药物具有良好的市场前景。将近500年以前,有位名叫张景岳的中国医生将他治疗各种疾病的处方纪录了下来,其中包括一种叫做左归丸的中药,他用这种药物来治疗遭受绝经之苦的妇女。
三年前,香港中文大学(Chinese University of Hong Kong)和上海中药创新研究中心(Shanghai Innovative Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine)开始研究张景岳1624年出版的《景岳全书》中左归丸的配方,他们替换了配方中8种原料中的4种,因为这4种中有两种是美国食品和药物管理局(Food and Drug Administration)禁用的药品,另外两种原料则来自濒危的海龟以及鹿茸,他们选择的代用品都是用现代方法生产的药品。
在临床前动物试验中,这种新版左归丸被发现可以增强记忆力并降低抑郁情绪。领导这一研究项目的香港中文大学生物化学家王军(音)说:“它显示了雌激素般的效果。”他说,鉴于全球妇女日益老龄化,这种药物具有“巨大的市场潜力”。研究人员目前正在等待中国相关部门批准以对这种药物进行临床试验。
至于墨尔本的哈里森女士,她已经成为中药的真诚信仰者。哈里森是在读到中药可以帮助受孕的文章后开始尝试中药的。她说:“我过去曾认为中药是巫医们使用的东西,但中药在我身上产生了惊人的疗效。”
Kevin Voigt
香港时间2006年07月10日15:35更新 -
China plans to straighten out auto export
2006-07-14 09:35:08
Xinhua)
Updated: 2006-07-13 14:02
Fears that China''s automobile industry could be harmed by a cut-throat export market have prompted the government to tighten control of the market.
A new regulation, to be issued next year, aims to raise the access standard for exporters and phase out poor performers, said Zhang Ji, of the Commerce Ministry.
The move comes in response to surging car exports that have led to declining profits and falling prices.
Customs statistics show vehicle exports rose from 20,000 in 2002 to 173,000 last year.
In the first four months of this year, the country exported 87,000 vehicles, more than half of last year''s total.
In 2005, the value of complete vehicle exports reached 1.58 billion yuan, up 158.4 percent from the previous year.
The remarkable sales prompted a boom in export dealerships and fierce competition as exporters lowered prices, the Guangzhou-based 21st Century Business Herald has reported.
Of the 1,025 registered exporters last year, more than 600 exported fewer than 10 complete vehicles each, and 160 just one each.
Meanwhile, the price of complete cars exported dropped from an average 16,100 U.S. dollars in 1990 to 9,100 dollars last year. The price of a sedan fell from 8,700 dollars last year to 7,100 dollars in the first four months of this year, according to the ministry data.
Zhang said the country needed to standardize the cost of exports in order to prevent a drastic fall in prices.
The costs of environmental protection, land, and social responsibilities should be calculated into prices, he said.
Fu Peizhao, a senior engineer with the China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Machinery and Electronic Products, agreed, saying inattention to after-sale service and spare parts supply would damage the Chinese industry''s image.
The government was also reported to be reviewing penalties for enterprises engaging in unfair pricing.
-
VAT cut aims to curb illegal diamond trade
2006-07-14 09:30:44
By Lillian Liu (China Daily)
Updated: 2006-07-14 08:50
About 130 million carats (26,000 kg) of diamonds are mined across the world every year. Of those, around 3 million carats make their way onto the Chinese mainland to be crafted by some 20,000 workers into dazzling symbols of enduring love.
But smuggling and illegal trade has plagued the sector for many years, prompting the Shanghai Diamond Exchange (SDE) to introduce a value-added tax (VAT) policy recently to overcome this problem.
The government-backed move is also expected to balance the tax burden and encourage diamond sellers to increase their investment.
Before the new policy, the VAT rate for rough diamonds entering the mainland through the SDE was 17 per cent.
The new regulation cuts VAT on imports of rough diamonds and polished diamonds to zero and 4 per cent, respectively.
While domestic and overseas diamond companies with units on the mainland were unable to say what the long-term effect would be, they welcomed the new policy.
The mainland is the largest diamond cutting and polishing centre after India, but in terms of revenue from the trade it still lags far behind not only India, but also Israel, South Africa and Belgium.
"The policy has been due for years and is definitely a positive one that will help our import and sales and help the business as a whole," said Dror Marom, regional manager of Dalumi Diamonds, an Israeli company with annual global sales of US$150 million.
"It''s difficult to give a precise prediction because every new regulation needs time ... We expect our sales to jump 10 to 15 per cent this year, and certainly hope the tax break will give us some help," Marom said, adding that he hoped the move would curb diamond smuggling, too.
"Many diamond industry players in China, including manufacturers, retailers and wholesalers, are now likely to legalize their business," Concept Jewellery Manufacturing Executive Director Fiona Wong said.
And that will take the country''s diamond and jewellery industry to a much higher and more professional level, the top executive of the Hong Kong-based jewellery processor added.
A spokesman for Wing Hang Diamond, Hong Kong''s leading diamond trading company, said the move would encourage his company to increase investment in its existing mainland gem units.
"That up to 90 per cent diamonds enter the country through illegal channels is a great cause for concern. Chinese Customs collect a very meagre amount of VAT because only over 10 per cent are imported through lawful exchanges," he said.
Diamonds were first recognized and mined in India, with the earliest written reference in Kautilya''s Arthasastra (The Science of Economics - 296 BC).
But in February 2005, a joint Chinese-US archaeology team found four corundum-rich stone ceremonial burial axes dating back to China''s Liangzhu and Sanxingcun cultures (4,000 BC-2,500 BC) that were believed to be have been polished using diamond powder.
However China has been a late entrant to the diamond trade, setting up cutting and polishing centres to take advantage, like India, of low labour costs. Diamond cutting and polishing is a highly specialized skill concentrated in a handful of cities, such as Antwerp (Belgium), Amsterdam (the Netherlands), Johannesburg (South Africa), New York (the United States), Tel Aviv (Israel) and Surat (India).
Though India handles about 90 per cent of all cut and polished diamonds by number, it accounts for only 55 per cent in terms of value. That''s because larger or more valuable diamonds are more likely to be handled in Europe or North America.
Diamonds are sold in carats and valued according to the "4 Cs" carats, clarity, cut and colour. The carat weight measures the mass of a diamond, with one carat defined as exactly 200 milligrams (about 0.007 ounce). -
Housing security system takes shape
2006-07-12 14:32:09
Xinhua)
Updated: 2006-07-12 08:51
A three-tier housing security system is now in place in China but there is still a lot of work to be done to temper public concern over soaring property prices, according to an expert with the Ministry of Construction.
Wen Linfeng, head of the research division with the ministry''s policy research center, said China''s housing security system is made up of the public housing fund (PHF), and the affordable housing and low-rent housing projects.
The PHF is the most wide-reaching housing security system in China. Under the system, each urban employee has an account with the local PHF management center and deposits a portion of his monthly salary into the account. The same amount is contributed by his employer and the money can be used to apply for mortgage loans from the PHF center.
Wen explained that the PHF works on three levels. Firstly, it forces people to save part of their income for purchasing houses. Secondly it works like a cooperation, with all members contributing to the same pool and receiving help from the fund when necessary. Thirdly, the PHF is free of personal income tax and its mortgage loans carry a lower interest rate than commercial mortgage loans.
According to the Ministry of Construction, by the end of 2005, 63.3 million employees nationwide had contributed 976 billion yuan (122 billion U.S. dollars) to the PHF, which approved mortgage loans worth 459.9 billion yuan (57.49 billion dollars) to 5.24 million people.
Affordable housing project is another part of the housing security system. Under this system, the government encourages the building of houses affordable to middle and lower-income groups by providing cheap or free land or tax rebates for developers.
By the end of 2005, about 470 million square meters of affordable houses were built nationwide, helping 5.7 million urban households improve their housing conditions.
However the system is riddled with defects particularly as investment in affordable housing project has dwindled in recent years. In 1999, affordable houses accounted for 16.6 percent of the total investment in new houses. But the figure dropped to less than five percent in 2005.
The management of the affordable houses also needs to be improved, Wen said. Currently many high-income earners are buying affordable houses, due to the lack of a comprehensive personal credit record system and poor enforcement of income evaluation standards.
The third form of housing security is the low-rent houses designed to help the poorest urban group. Such houses are built or sourced from the market by the government and then allocated to competent applicants. Authorized applicants can also source houses for themselves and receive rent subsidies from the government.
According to the Ministry of Construction, government had spent 4.74 billion yuan (593 million dollars) on low-rent houses by the end of 2005, benefiting 329,000 households.
However, this system is not available to everyone in China. By 2005, 70 of the 291 cities at or above prefecture level still had not established the low-rent housing system. Following a recent order from the central government, these cities should establish the system by the end of 2006. -
China slows securities sector opening
2006-07-12 14:30:39
By Chris Myrick and Lilian Wu (XFN-ASIA)
Updated: 2006-07-12 14:13
China will take a go-slow approach to opening its securities business to foreign investment out of a concern that the sector cannot compete and is too weak to attract acceptable premiums from overseas investors.
Although the stock market''s recovery after a half decade in the doldrums is helping to revitalize the country''s domestic brokerages, regulators will seek to repair the sector before the allowance of any significant foreign investment, analysts said.
"Market infrastructure issues are the most important thing, and these first need to be improved," said Sun Fulei, deputy director of the Stock Exchange Executive Council (SEEC), a state-backed financial think tank.
"If the securities market provides good conditions for investors, it will attract foreign investors who are willing to pay much more for a license to enter into the market," he added.
China''s stock markets have this year recovered from an extended slump, with the Shanghai Composite Index gaining around 60 pct over the last eight months. The key index finished trade yesterday at 1,745.81 points, its highest close since April 2004.
The index had slid from 2,245 points in mid-2001 to a low of 998 points before starting a recovery last June. The prolonged retreat of the index and a drop in turnover pushed many of the country''s brokerages into the red.
For 2004, the most recent year for which data is available, China''s 114 securities companies had a net loss of 10.364 bln yuan on total revenue of 16. 94 billion yuan. The same companies had combined assets of 329.37 billion yuan, according to the Securities Association of China.
Although China has made concrete commitments to open its banking and insurance sectors under an agreement that allowed it to join the World Trade Organization, the country has no specific obligations in relations to the brokerage sector.
Nevertheless, in spite of a lack of a timetable or a guarantee of market access, major international banks have been making preparations for an expected liberalization.
Investment bank UBS, after significant delays, has secured preliminary approval from the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) for its 1.7 billion yuan purchase of a 20 percent stake in Beijing Securities.
Under the venture, which has not received final clearance to operate, UBS Securities will inherit most of Beijing Securities'' assets, including private banking, investment banking and asset management operations as well as the physical assets of some retail outlets.
Media reports have indicated that the foreign bank had to abandon plans to control the venture''s board of directors in order to gain approval. UBS declined to comment on its plans.
CLSA, the Asian investment banking arm of French bank Credit Agricole, has also stated that it is seeking to set up broking operations in China by buying into an existing domestic player. Its ambitions have been thwarted due by regulatory resistance.
CLSA chairman Gary Coull in April told XFN-Asia that the firm has held talks with several Chinese brokerages about possible equity acquisition deals but it has been frustrated by the regulator in its attempts to buy into the sector.
"The issue is not that we can''t find someone we want to do business with. The issue is the CSRC (China Securities Regulatory Commission) and the authorities are not putting a priority on new brokerage investment by foreigners," he said.
An official with another investment bank seeking to enter the securities market said that most firms are in similar circumstances, with one favored route being establish relationships with local companies without any guarantee that a partnership can be reached.
"The consensus is that you have an MoU that could mean something or may mean nothing,"" the source said. " It seems to be very much a case of ''hurry up and wait,'' China has this way of making policy without announcing it."
As well as UBS and CLSA, other financial institutions with a keen interest in the sector include US giants Goldman Sachs, Merrill Lynch and Morgan Stanley.
Goldman received approval in 2004 to set up an investment-banking venture with Beijing Gao Hua Securities. Although the deal excluded a stake in the venture, the US investment bank is said to have arranged for future ownership through deals with its main shareholder Fang Fenglei.
Merrill Lynch agreed last year to partner with Huaan Securities in Anhui province in eastern China, but this venture is awaiting government approval.
Morgan Stanley owns 34 percent of China International Capital Corp, the largest investment bank in the country, although it holds no management role.
While the banking sector was partially opened to foreign investment based on assumptions that the sector would be improved with the introduction of foreign funds for recapitalization and expertise in things such as risk management, the CSRC has been hesitant to issue a similar prescription for the securities sector.
Eugene Wang, a principal at trust fund manager Huangpu Enterprise Development Corp, said that is partly because, as weak as the banking sector was, the securities sector is weaker.
"There may be more caution for the securities sector because the securities sector in China is, relatively speaking, weaker than the banking sector," said Wang. "They tend to be smaller players and less capitalized. . . they want the domestic players to reach a certain stage before they let the foreign investment flow."
Although Wang said he would like to see a faster opening for US financial companies, he said he appreciated the risk involved in allowing large foreign players into such a weak market.
"If the Chinese regulators are inexperienced and they do a big-bank (foreign investment) kind of approach it could create instability," he said.
"They are prudent and I certainly would not characterize them as closed. If I were them, that''s probably what I would be doing."
Bruce Richardson, managing director for research and business development at Xinhua Far East Ratings -- part of the Xinhua Financial Network, which also owns the Xinhua Finance newswire -- concurred that a sudden opening could have severe implications.
"They (local brokers) don''t have the capacity to absorb any losses if a foreign broker were to come in with 100 mln usd of capital and start doing things in a more regulated way," Richardson said.
The SEEC''s Sun acknowledged that local investment banks are protected by the government, and that the sector is worried that foreign capital may be disruptive.
He also noted that the China Securities Regulatory Commission had not seen notable improvements in local firms as a result of the limited foreign investment allowed through the Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor (QFII) program -- under which a limited number of foreign investors gain market access but do not directly compete against local firms.
"QFII has brought advanced investment philosophy, however, this seems to be having little impact on the local securities companies," Sun said.
While foreign investment eventually will be welcome, Sun argued that further reforms will be needed first. "Foreign investment in the securities market will not solve its fundamental problems, so it is arguable to say that is why the market should be open."
Wang noted that the securities sector has simply not been on the government''s radar given that it is still working toward&n