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China to build product tracking system
2006-03-17 13:24:19
Xinhua)
Updated: 2006-03-16 16:24
China aims to set up a nationwide product identification, authentication and tracking system by the year 2010, officials from the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine said on Wednesday.
The system, which has been put into trial operation in north China''s Hebei Province, aims to protect consumer and company rights and promote the overall social economic development.
The system will be a national network for quality control, based on modern communication technology, network technology and coding technology, said the officials.
It can be helpful for consumers to differentiate between fake and genuine products. Enterprises can have a better idea about product sales via the system.
The system will also help the law enforcement departments to keep a close eye on the whole market.
The administration is planning to implement the system in 100 key cities, which will cover 100 key products in the foodstuffs, agricultural and building materials sectors.
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Survey finds housing sector at all-time low
2006-03-17 13:21:43
By Su Bei (China Daily)
Updated: 2006-03-17 06:01
Chinese urban residents'' willingness to buy private homes has dropped to an all-time low, probably because they are waiting to see what the government''s next move will be in the housing sector.
This week the People''s Bank of China, the central bank, said it surveyed 20,000 savers in 50 major cities last month and found that only 18.2 per cent of residents have plans to buy private homes within the next three months.
This means the number of residents planning to buy homes has dropped 1 percentage point from the previous quarter and 3.8 percentage points from the same period a year ago, a record low.
The decline in Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai was the most obvious, the central bank said.
Qi Jingmei, a senior economist with the State Information Centre, said urban residents'' wait-and-see attitude was mainly because they are wondering whether the government will carry out further measures to regulate the housing market.
"They are hoping the government will reform its present land leasing system, which now requires home buyers to pay land leasing fees included in housing prices," she said.
A new system is expected to be adopted by the housing market, which allows home buyers to pay land leasing fees over a 50 - 70 year period.
This will help alleviate financial pressure.
"People are also hoping that the government will build more homes that are affordable," said Qi.
However, she believed the housing market would pick up this year.
"People will eventually realize that the country''s macro-control measures are not aimed at hitting the real estate market," she said.
House prices will continue to rise although the growth rate will decline, she said.
Gu Yunchang, secretary-general of the China Real Estate Association, said the government''s macro-control measures have already achieved their goal.
"Supply is not that much, new houses that are still empty are fewer, and prices have become stable," he said.
Figures from the National Bureau of Statistics indicate that average housing prices rose 8.8 per cent year-on-year during the first three quarters of last year compared with 10.1 per cent in the first half.
Growth in real estate investment also dropped to 22.2 per cent in the first three quarters, from 23.5 per cent in the first half.
With an aim to curb speculation and gain control over the red-hot housing sector, the government last year set out measures including the introduction of taxation policies and the implementation of stricter control over land supplies.
It began levying a 5 per cent business tax last June on the full amount received from selling a home if that home was sold within two years of being purchased.
The central bank also ended a preferential policy for mortgages, raising the interest rate on such loans with terms of more than five years by 20 basis points to 5.51 per cent.
Due to the measures, the real estate bubble has basically been ''squeezed'', Gu said.
China''s housing industry will continue to play an important role in economic development, he added.
(China Daily 03/17/2006 page10)
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Nation to advance efficiency in oil sectors
2006-03-17 13:18:25
By Wang Ying (China Daily)
Updated: 2006-03-17 06:01
China plans to increase its refinery capacity by 31.6 per cent and more than double its ethylene production by the year 2010, the country''s top economic policy planner said yesterday.
The country aims to advance production efficiency within the two industries, secure domestic supply and improve producing facility allocation across China, according to the medium-term and long-term refining and ethylene industrial blueprint published by the National Development and Reform Commission yesterday (NDRC).
"We will build a crude oil processing base in South China''s Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region refine imported oil, and another base in Southwest China''s Sichuan Province for oil from the country''s domestic fields," the economic planning body said in the statement.
The two oil refining bases aim to address the country''s imbalanced allocation of its oil processing facilities, which are too concentrated in the northeastern and northwestern regions, it said.
By the year 2010, China plans to add new refining facilities of at least 90 million tons, and meanwhile, to close small and inefficient plants totalling about 20 million tons in capacity to enhance efficiency, it added. The country last year processed 285 million tons of crude oil into oil products such as gasoline and diesel.
For ethylene, the NDRC said the country would build three ethylene production areas in China, which will sit in the Yangtze River Delta, the Bohai Rim and the Pearl River Delta. The areas are expected to account for 60 per cent of the country''s total ethylene production capacity.
By 2010, it plans to increase the country''s ethylene production capacity by as much as 10.58 million tons, compared with last year''s production of 7.55 million tons.
(China Daily 03/17/2006 page9)
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Banks face new auditing guideline
2006-03-16 12:05:33
By Zhang Ran (China Daily)
Updated: 2006-03-16 05:56
China''s banking regulator is expected to launch a guideline within the year for commercial banks to enhance their internal audit functions.
With the guideline, banks will be urged to transform their internal audit departments into more independent and efficient entities to supervise a bank''s daily operations.
Ernst & Young, a global auditing and business advisory service, said the China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC) is seeking comments on its consultative draft of the guideline.
The firm gave the above news and revealed that the draft, which began last April, is right on schedule.
China''s commercial banks are now marching toward an internationalized market, while at the same time, they face mounting internal and external pressures to promote corporate governance and risk control.
This became especially urgent last Thursday when the CBRC confirmed a corruption scandal exposed by a media report involving the Bank of China (BoC)''s Sima Road sub-branch in Shuangyashan of Northeast China''s Heilongjiang Province.
The bank reportedly incurred 400 million yuan (US$49 million) in losses after a businessman fraudulently obtained banking bills from the Sima Road sub-branch in Shuangyashan and cashed them at other banks.
A number of bank officials, including the former head of BoC''s Sima Road sub-branch, have been named as suspects.
"If domestic commercial banks'' internal audit is strengthened, I believe such scandal and great losses could be avoided," said Alfred Yeung, partner of global financial services at Ernst & Young.
"The scandal reveals that China''s commercial banks still have a long way to go before they catch up with advanced international banks. After all, banks in China have only undergone reforms for a few years."
Yeung emphasized that the transformation process should be incorporated within the bank''s long-term strategies, and it should be a continuing self-improvement process.
"It takes time and courage to embrace this challenge," said Yeung.
However, commercial banks are facing challenges in the transformation of their internal audit.
Freddie Chui, also a partner of global financial services of Ernst & Young, said Chinese banks may experience difficulty in arranging the internal audits. Lack of skilled manpower, particularly in information technology, could also be an issue, he said.
Given those challenges, Chui suggested that certain international leading practices could be a useful reference for banks in China.
"Chinese banks may gain the board and management''s support, provide the internal audit departments with necessary resources and focus on streamlining the communication and reporting channels with the Audit Committee and management before they gradually transform their internal audit functions to provide timely, reliable and objective assurance services," Chui said.
(China Daily 03/16/2006 page10)
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中国企业的雄心壮志
2006-03-15 16:58:03
中国能买得起沃尔玛(Wal-Mart)吗?
“当然,”长期以来担任投资银行家的罗纳德•弗里曼(Ronald Freeman)自问自答道。这是一个垂直整合家的梦想;如果沃尔玛是一个国家,那它可是中国的第八大贸易伙伴。即便在美国贸易保护主义情绪日益升级的时代,他说,谁能够以安全问题为由反对大量外资入主沃尔玛呢?
弗里曼的观点远远超出了学术的意义,即便这种情况可能不会很快发生。中国展开更大手笔交易的能力显然日渐增强,而西方贸易保护主义的抬头不会改变这个事实。不过,可能改变的是,中国的策略和时机选择。
中国顾问对此表示赞同:
“到了游戏的这个阶段,任何形式的敌意收购都是逆政治风标而行,”中国大陆最大的直接投资公司第一东方投资集团(First Eastern Investment Group)的首席执行长诸立力(Victor Chu)说。他建议那些干劲十足的中国客户进行“买入、而不是买断”的交易,寻求少数股份和合作关系、而不是全盘收购,希望以此辗转穿越美国政界越来越变化莫测的直接投资雷区。
诸立力预计未来12至18个月内,战略联盟和合资企业将成为新潮流,因为它既顺应美国的政治形势,也符合中国企业发展的现状。他说,中国的企业领导人在经历了四分之一个世纪的经济改革后,“仍然在学习游戏规则。”他们想通过海外收购获得有保障的资源、先进的技术、全球化的品牌以及分销渠道,这些也“可以通过合作关系获得,如果合作进展顺利,还可以加大参与力度,”诸立力说。
诸立力的买入理念的提出正值美中经济关系处于关键时刻之际。上周美国的贸易保护主义气氛达到了顶点,迫使Dubai Ports World放弃了通过收购一家英国港口运营商控股六个美国港口的计划。而与中国相比,迪拜对美国经济的影响不足为道。去年,中国的中海石油(Cnooc)也因一场类似的风暴被迫退出了对加州联合石油(Unocal)的收购。
美国急需外资
具有讽刺意味的是,美国最近表现出的对全球化的顾虑,即所谓的投资保护主义恰逢美国最需外国资本、中国海外投资达到创纪录水平的一年。
大多数美国人才刚刚开始意识到,他们的国家是多么依赖于外资,尤其是亚洲投资,来弥补创纪录的债务并使利率维持在低水平。2006年,美国将需要1万亿美元的外资,而这一年,中国的外汇储备也将突破1万亿美元大关。
不论华盛顿的政治风向如何,中国人都会寻找能够给他们带来更高回报和更大战略性股权的投资,而不是像现在这样坐守一堆美国国债。他们将成为全球市场上越来越重要的公司股权争夺者,不是竞购美国公司,就是和美国公司角逐其他资产。与此同时,通过收购美国公司的股权,中国人可以重新部署收益,瞄准美国和海外回报更高的投资。
中国商务部(Ministry of Commerce)称,去年中国非金融类海外投资总额达到69.2亿美元,较2004年增长26%,2004年的增幅为90%。据Dealogic的资料显示,去年中国所有的海外投资交易总额为88.4亿美元。
最引人瞩目的交易包括2004年联想集团(Lenovo)斥资12.5亿美元收购IBM的个人电脑子公司,使联想集团一夜之间跃居为全球第三大个人电脑制造商。TCL国际(TCL International)与法国公司Thomson成立的合资企业使TCL成为世界最大的电视机制造商。TCL持有合资企业的多数股权,此次交易也使TCL赢得了RCA品牌。不过,最大手笔的交易一直在资源领域,中国企业不断收购从非洲到拉丁美洲的权益。
未来几年内,下面这几个因素将推动此类交易的数量和意义实现质的飞跃。
首先,今年1月份,中国取消了中国企业每年用于海外投资的购汇上限。“这条新政策将引发现金充裕的中国企业寻求海外扩张的收购热潮,”前新加坡贸易工业部(Ministry of Trade and Industry)官员Friedrich Wu说。Wu现为新加坡国立大学(National University of Singapore)的访问研究学者。
其次,国有资产监督管理委员会(State Assets Supervision Commission)鼓励169家国有企业在国内上市之前先在国际股市上市。上个月,中国财政部(Ministry of Finance)称,中国准备采纳包括欧盟(European Union)在内的100多个国家通用的国际财务报告准则(International Financial Reporting Standards)。这样,越来越多的中国企业将赶赴海外市场筹集资本和股权,为他们的收购融资。他们还准备满足竞购公开上市公司股份的信息披露要求。
具有讽刺意味的是,若布什(Bush)政府成功迫使中国领导人重估人民币汇率的话,那也会同时增强中国的购买力。你可以大谈人民币升值对贸易的影响,但题外话是,一夜之间,中国企业将拥有更多的美元来进行扩张。
所有这些变化背后的最终推动力是中国的凌云壮志,即便面临种种内部问题,中国仍有志在各个方面跻身于世界强国之列,从军事到企业,都是它的战场。眼下,中国正在稳步实施著它的既定目标──到2010年将财富全球500强企业中的中国企业数量从16家增加到50家,哪怕贸易保护主义甚嚣尘上。
诸立力倡导的买入战略也正是植根于此。
做精明的收购者
中国的企业老板将不得不稍稍收敛他们的远大抱负,但可以采纳诸立力的渐进主义方法,这样会遭遇较少的政治阻力。从小规模的投资开始,相比更大胆的行动,这样取得长期成功的可能性更高。反之,西方的合作伙伴将得到中国合作伙伴的帮助,帮助它在利用股权出售所得进入棘手的中国市场的过程中“分解风险”。诸立力表示,如果当初中海石油和雪佛龙(Chevron)达成战略联盟,那么中海石油就可以避免竞购加州联合石油失败的命运(加州联合石油后为雪佛龙所收购),同时为自己的最终收购奠定基础。
诸立力认为,总有一天,中国企业会收购一家像沃尔玛这么显要的美国公司,并在美国市场上掀起轩然大波,只不过不是现在。其实,至少有一位中国学者已经在研究参股沃尔玛的可能性了。
长江商学院(Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business)院长项兵曾在中文杂志《中国企业家》上撰写过一个他称之为收购沃尔玛重要少数股权的商业设想。他建议通过公开市场,斥资大约230亿美元收购沃尔玛10%的股权,这笔钱相当于中国一天半的外汇储备。“并不是很难,”他写道。
项兵认为,成为全球最精明的零售商沃尔玛的股东,对于全球最大的零售商品制造商──中国而言,好处是巨大的。中国企业将更加紧密地融入沃尔玛的全球采购和分销网络,同时避免公开的冲突。他说,还有一点值得考虑,历史上从长期来看,沃尔玛的资产回报率远远高于同期美国国债的投资收益率。项兵称,“买下沃尔玛”是一个“大胆的设想”,有著“比较现实的可行性。”
也许这才是整个构想的真正寓意:美国人的重重顾虑并不会动摇中国人的雄心壮志──只会让他们变得更加足智多谋。
香港时间2006年03月15日09:50更新 -
Chinese textile producers short of cotton
2006-03-13 13:34:53
Xinhua)
Updated: 2006-03-13 11:05
With China''s cotton market shortfall expected to reach 4 million tons this year, thousands of textile producers are under pressure from rising costs and insufficient supplies of raw cotton materials.
Chen Junliang, chairman of the Jiangsu Cotton & Fiber Group in east China''s Jiangsu Province said that textile producers have been scrambling for cotton purchase quotas, which are usually inclined to big companies.
Du Min, a research fellow with the Rural Economic Research Center under the Ministry of Agriculture said that traditional cotton growing areas in the east China region went down dramatically. The demand-supply gap has been widening in the past six years.
Statistics with the China Textile Association suggested that China''s cotton growing area measured 5.12 million ha. in 2005, down 10 percent from the previous year. The total cotton yield amounted to 5.76 million tons last year.
According to experts with the Rural Economic Research Center, the domestic demand for cotton has been growing at 10 percent since 1999, while cotton plantation areas have dropped by 14.2 percent to 4.59 million ha. in 2004.
The country imported 3 billion U.S. dollars of cotton in 2004, accounting for one fourth of the world''s total cotton import trade. Unlike America, China''s cotton industry, the livelihood of some 100 to 150 million Chinese rural population, is not subsidized by the government.
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China sets final scheme for TD-SCDMA test
2006-03-13 13:30:57
Xinhua)
Updated: 2006-03-13 09:24
China has finally devised its schedule for trials of its homegrown third generation (3G) mobile communication standard TD-SCDMA, according to a source close to the Ministry of Information Industry.
The trials will be carried out in the northern city of Baoding, the eastern city of Qingdao and the southern city of Xiamen by China Telecom, China Netcom and China Mobile respectively.
Three major companies in the TD-SCDMA camp will provide equipment for the test.
Datang Mobile and TD-Tech, a joint-venture by Siemens and Huawei, will build the trial network with China Telecom in Baoding, a city in Hebei Province near Beijing.
Products of ZTE and TD-Tech will be used for network construction in Xiamen, a coastal city in Fujian Province, with China Mobile. Qingdao in east China''s Shandong Province is also selected as the site for the trial as some water sports programs will be held there during the 2008 Olympics. Datang Mobile and ZTE will help China Netcom in the network construction there.
After three rounds of tests, China''s TD-SCDMA is at the last stage before real commercial use. The result of trials this time is expected to partly decide when and to whom China issues its first 3G license.
Compared with the other two international 3G standards WCDMA and CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA has the disadvantage of being a late comer. Though the technology proves to be quite competitive against the other two standards, lack of industrialization experience has cast doubts over it. Chinese telecom operators were reported to be reluctant to use TD-SCDMA.
China Unicom will adopt CDMA2000 as it already has a CDMA network. Other operators favor WCDMA and they even built trial networks based on WCDMA in a dozen cities nationwide without permission from the government.
Last February, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Information Industry asked the companies concerned to remove the WCDMA networks.
As the government''s attitude towards 3G becomes clearer, it is widely believed within the industry that China will issue a TD-SCDMA license ahead of the other two standards and give favorable policies to operators using the technology.
Active participation of the three telecom operators in this round of trials shows that they may like to support a home-grown standard, said an analyst.
China may be able to start the trial in March as scheduled and then could be in a position to issue the first 3G license in the middle of the year, according to the analyst. -
Limits on small-engine cars to lift
2006-03-11 11:05:03
Limits on small-engine cars to lift
By Fu Jing (China Daily)
Updated: 2006-03-11 10:00
Small-engine cars will likely be making a return to Beijing''s streets by next month, after a seven-year ban that kept them off many of the city''s major roads.
By the end of March, all local cities are required to allow small autos to run freely and lift any bans restricting their use, according to the State Council''s deadline.
A group of governmental officials, industry insiders and national legislators pushed the move at Thursday''s seminar organized by Beijing-based Economic Daily.
After continuous attempts to remove restrictions in more than 80 cities nationwide, the central government issued the ultimatum last December, which said that "local cities should lift any restrictions on small-engine cars by the end of March" to fulfil the country''s campaign of building up resource-saving society.
"The restriction (on use of small cars) is not in line with the situation that resources become scare and oil prices run up," Xie Fuzhan, vice-president of the State Council Development Research Centre, said at the seminar.
Small-engine cars are defined in China as those with emission capacity of 1.0 litre or lower.
Since the central government issued the notice, some cities have already taken action. Shanghai has allowed all cars to run on the city''s roads if they meet environmental standards.
But Beijing has remained unchanged. Since 1999, low-discharge cars have faced a ban on the Second and Third Ring Road''s fast lanes and on Chang''an Avenue. Beijing Municipality adopted the ban to "reduce traffic jams" and to "maintain the image of the city."
But since last summer, the central government has been determined to encourage the use of small-engine cars.
Chinese will be encouraged to buy low fuel-consumption cars to help strengthen environmental protection and help out in terms of city traffic and energy saving, said the State Council said in its auto industry development policy.
However, industrial insiders said more room still exists to improve the quality of the small-engine cars, which are mainly produced by domestic makers.
A survey from China Association of Product Quality has shown that the cheaper the cars are, the more likely to get into complaints by buyers.
Of all the cars sold in 2005, more than 40 per cent of them priced below 50,000 yuan (US$6,250) per unit received complaints by drivers because of quality problems.
For the cars sold at 150,000-200,000 yuan (US$18,750-25,000), the complaint rate was 21.1 per cent, and for those higher than 300,000 yuan (US$37,500), the rate was 12.9 per cent.
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WSJ: Lobbyists target Chinese legislators
2006-03-10 12:06:52
China''s legislature is taking on a new role: a target for interest groups to lobby.
With nearly 3,000 delegates gathered in the capital until next week for the annual meeting of the National People''s Congress, some representatives of different interest groups have also flocked to Beijing. They have been seeking to win the ears of delegates on the sidelines of the 10-day meeting on issues from tax policy to antidiscrimination measures for hepatitis B carriers
Some groups and companies had started seeking out NPC delegates a few years ago. But this year, the lobbying has picked up markedly, delegates say.
Delegates -- who meet once a year to discuss and approve the premier''s work report, the state budget and any bills that have been teed up -- are also becoming more outspoken in representing their constituencies. The trend underscores the rise of various interest groups in China amid a pluralization of society and the growth of a middle class -- as well as the lack of other effective channels for people to push their causes.
Still, analysts and others are welcoming the changes as a step towards a more transparent legal system and more influential legislature. Such a development is important at a time when market changes breed corruption and other abuses of power, sparking growing unrest and discontent among an increasingly vocal population.
"These proposals reflect public opinion, which will make the central government pay more attention while drafting legislation," says Cai Dingjian, a professor at China University of Political Science and Law and a former NPC official. "This is the basic function that NPC delegates should play."
The NPC''s bill-reviewing group declined to comment on lobbying activities. According to NPC statistics, the number of bills proposed by delegates and accepted by the congress for review has risen steadily in recent years, more than tripling to 991 last year from 2001.
Under China''s legislative system, the NPC''s standing committee conveys any proposed bills to relevant ministries, which then decide whether to turn them into formal legislation to be approved by the NPC.
Qi Dong, a deputy secretary general of the China Market Association, a semiofficial research organization that also represents Chinese peddlers and their markets, is hoping the NPC will take up his cause to better protect private vendors.
After hearing complaints from peddlers around the country about being overcharged for rent and overtaxed, he persuaded an NPC delegate from his province of Zhejiang -- home to many private businessmen -- to submit his draft of a proposed "Law of Commodity Exchange Markets" at this year''s meeting.
Mr. Qi says he got to know the delegate, Zhou Xiaoguang, a private jewelry-company owner, after attending several public hearings she held to learn about her constituents'' beefs.
Beijing-based lawyer Xiao Taifu''s proposed bill to unify tax rates for domestic and foreign-invested companies in China is also being submitted to the NPC. Chinese policy makers have said they are moving towards reunification of the tax system, which currently favors foreign companies over domestic ones. But the policy change has been delayed by two years, partly due to opposition from foreign firms.
"Gaining public support is the first step [in making] legislation, because every law and regulation should reflect public opinion. We are doing this to help the government give up its worries and make up its mind," says Mr. Xiao, adding that he persuaded a delegate from Sichuan province to take up his cause. Mr. Xiao says he isn''t acting on behalf of any companies.
Lu Jun, Web master of an Internet site for hepatitis B carriers, traveled to Beijing recently to seek support for carriers from legislators and members of another elected body, the Chinese People''s Political Consultative Conference, which is also now convening in Beijing.
Mr. Lu, from Henan province, says at least two NPC delegates and the Chinese Peasants'' and Workers'' Democratic Party, a minority party representing medical professionals in the CPPCC, have agreed to submit his proposal to protect carriers'' rights at their respective meetings, after he presented examples of discrimination against carriers.
China''s 120 million carriers of the contagious liver disease have faced widespread discrimination, with some companies refusing to hire carriers and universities forcing them to drop out. "We are a social vulnerable group, and we need a specialized law to protect us," Mr. Lu says.
Delegates themselves, meanwhile, have become more receptive to taking on various causes -- and more aggressive in speaking up for their constituencies, analysts say.
One reason is their higher education level. In the past, the NPC representatives -- elected by provincial people''s congress delegates from a restricted field of candidates -- mostly were model workers, heroic soldiers and other such people. In the early 1990s, only 56% of the delegates had a college education. In the current congress, elected in 2002, 92.5% did.
Beijing has also sought to beef up the NPC''s role as a legislative body. Last year, the NPC asked delegates to submit any bill proposals in the form of formal legislation. Many delegates have sought the help of lawyers to draft bills.
NPC delegates assume their legislative roles only for a few days each year and don''t have full-time staff. They also tend to keep their full-time jobs, whether in the state or private sectors. While this sometimes leads to conflicts of interest, it also helps them understand the needs of their constituents, analysts say.
Take Han Deyun, a delegate from the southwestern city of Chongqing and a lawyer by trade. He has submitted a draft amendment to the National Compensation Law, to make it easier for lawyers to help clients gain compensation for claims on wrongful imprisonment, detention and execution, and to raise compensation amounts. Many other lawyers favor such changes.
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中国工商银行选定四家投行承销IPO
2006-03-09 23:15:06
知情人士称,中国工商银行(Industrial & Commercial Bank of China)已选定美林公司(Merrill Lynch & Co.)、德意志银行(Deutsche Bank AG)、瑞士信贷集团(Credit Suisse Group)和中国国际金融有限公司(China International Capital Corp.)为其首次公开募股(IPO)的承销商,预计此次IPO的规模将至少达到100亿美元。
承销团不包括高盛集团(Goldman Sachs Group Inc.),高盛此前同意连同安联保险公司(Allianz AG Holding)和美国运通公司(American Express Co.)斥资37.8亿美元,收购工商银行10%的股份。预计此次IPO将给承销团带来3亿美元的承销费收入。
高盛此次落选的原因可能在于该行担任了中国银行(Bank of China) IPO的承销商而造成潜在的利益冲突,或者是因为高盛投资了工商银行,或者两个原因兼而有之。作为中国第二大银行的中国银行预计将透过今年的IPO融资约60亿美元。
香港时间2006年03月09日21:20更新 -
北京首钢:寻求达成“适当”的铁矿石价格
2006-03-09 23:13:34
北京首钢股份有限公司(Beijing Shougang Co. Ltd.)一高级管理人士称,中国政府尚未给铁矿石价格设定任何上限,当前中国钢铁厂商与全球铁矿石供应商之间的谈判需要达成一个“适当”的价格。
北京首钢的董事长朱继民周三向记者表示,钢铁厂商们希望降价,而铁矿石供应商却希望提价,因此双方必须要找到一个折中价格。
北京首钢是首钢集团(Shougang Group)的子公司。按产量计,首钢集团是中国五大钢铁企业之一。
朱继民在全国人民代表大会会议间歇时表示,过高的铁矿石进口价可能会打击市场需求,并由此而拖低铁矿石生产商的利润。
他说,中国政府没有参与钢铁厂商和铁矿石供应商之间的谈判,也没有给价格设定上限。
周三早些时候,中国商务部(Ministry of Commerce)一官员称,商务部从未就铁矿石进口发布任何市场指导价。
在该官员作出这一表示之前,市场有传闻称,商务部近期就铁矿石进口发布指导价。规定包括成本和运费在内的每吨铁矿石进口价格不得超过54美元。
此类传闻令行业分析师们猜测政府希望在每年一度的铁矿石价格谈判中获得更大的发言权。该谈判目前已处于收尾阶段。
商务部外贸司的这位官员说,商务部从未发布过任何铁矿石进口指导价,而且也没有计划发布这类指导价。
邯郸钢铁股份有限公司(Handan Iron & Steel Co. Ltd.)董事长刘如军说,2006年铁矿石价格的宣布时间可能将被推迟到4月1日以后。新一年的合同一般在4月1日这一天生效。
在被问及有关中国可能寻求设定价格上限的传闻时,刘如军表示,他尚未听说有关政府给进口铁矿石设定价格上限一事。
刘如军称,他希望今年铁矿石价格维持在去年的水平上,但铁矿石供应商却寻求提价20%。
必和必拓(BHP Billiton Ltd.)、Rio Tinto PLC及CVRD的合计铁矿石销量占全球铁矿石海外发货量的70%以上。
行业分析师称,在去年价格上涨71.5%以后,铁矿石企业现要求将2006年铁矿石合同价格上调20%甚至更多,但这一建议目前正遭到钢铁厂商们的抵制。
今年,钢铁厂商们有了更大的筹码,因为中国政府已经指示国内企业在价格谈判中要统一行动。上个月,中国政府表示将禁止除上海宝钢集团公司(Shanghai Baosteel Group)之外的任何国内钢铁厂商单独与全球铁矿石企业进行谈判。
相关文章
中国钢铁生产商主导铁矿石价格谈判(2006年03月03日20:04)
香港时间2006年03月08日22:39更新 -
日本央行放弃超宽松货币政策
2006-03-09 23:11:22
日本央行(Bank of Japan)宣布结束当年作为应急措施而采取的现行货币政策,开始恢复常规政策的进程。这表明,这个全球第二大经济体已摆脱物价持续下跌、经济增长受到遏制的局面。
日本央行周四称,其货币政策委员会以7票赞成、1票反对的投票结果决定,结束已实行5年的现行货币政策,并恢复以关键短期利率作为货币政策主要指引的政策框架。央行说,在新的政策框架之下,它将通过隔夜拆款利率作为货币政策指导,这一利率仍将在一段时期内保持在零水平附近。
日本央行作出结束现行货币政策之决定的背景是,日本的核心消费价格指数在七年的持续下跌之后,最近连续三个月显示温和上涨。在日本央行看来,这种势头加之日本经济四年来稳步增长似乎表明,日本经济已完全从低增长和通货紧缩状态中恢复过来。
这是日本央行自2001年3月开始推行所谓定量放松政策以来所作出的第一次重大政策调整,当年,日本陷入了严重通货紧缩,经济出现衰退。由于当时的短期利率已经在零水平,因此日本央行开始向金融体系大量注入资金,希望以此能让疲弱的日本银行业使用这些资金增加贷款,从而刺激经济、推高物价。
日本央行表示,结束定量放松政策后,它将恢复过去将隔夜拆款利率利率作为关键政策指引的做法,不再采用流动资金余额指标。流动资金余额目前为30-35万亿日圆,法定区间是6万亿日圆。日本央行表示,未来数月,它将逐步减少市场上的过量流动资金。
日本央行还称,为将此次政策变动对债券市场的影响降到最低限度并防止国债价格骤降,每个月它将继续在市场上购买国债。
超宽松货币政策的终结,以及由此将导致的金融体系超额流动资金的减少及日本市场利率的最终上升,可能会对日本乃至全球的金融市场产生广泛而显著的影响。
实际上,对政策调整的预期已使日本股市上的抛售行为大大加快,因为如果最终利率上升,将降低个人投资者购买股票的兴趣,并推动日圆兑美元汇率走高、进而损害许多日本企业的利润水平。
同时,美国的一些市场参与者也担心,日本利率上升将导致对美国的国债和其他金融资产的需求降低,因为日本投资者今后可能会将更多资金留在国内投资。
在日本央行周四宣布政策变化之前,近期一系列显示日本经济出现改善的数据让经济学家和市场参与人士相信应对政策进行调整。日本央行行长福井俊彦(Toshihiko Fukui)和央行其他高层人士此前也一直暗示,很快就会作出政策变动。
日本央行曾为结束定量放松政策设定三个先决条件,其中之一就是消费者价格指数持续上升。在上周五日本政府公布1月份消费者价格指数较上年同期增长0.5%的消息后,过去数天来,认为央行将在本月结束现行货币政策、而不会再等到早先估计的4月份的看法一时间甚嚣尘上。包括1月份在内,日本消费价格指数已是连续4个月为正值。
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日本结束宽松政策或将有损股市(2006年03月08日14:34)
要求日本央行设定通胀目标的呼声日益高涨(2006年03月08日14:15)
香港时间2006年03月09日17:36更新 -
中国对铁矿石进口实施限价
2006-03-09 23:10:09
英国《金融时报》杰夫•代尔(Geoff Dyer)上海、森迪普•塔克(Sundeep Tucker) 悉尼报道
2006年3月9日 星期四
昨日有消息透露,中国政府已告诫本土钢铁生产商和贸易商,如果它们支付过高的价格,政府将阻止铁矿石进口。由此,围绕今年铁矿石价格的讨论有所升温。
一家中国大型国有钢铁贸易公司的一位高管表示,中国政府上周向各公司发出了上述指示,此举可能引发中国与澳大利亚和巴西之间的贸易紧张局面。
这一倍受争议的举措,是为了限制短期内铁矿石现货市场上的价格上涨。
该措施推出之际,铁矿石供应商和钢铁厂商之间的年度价格谈判正处于紧要关头。当前的供应合同将于4月1日到期。
鉴于中国是全球最大的铁矿石进口国,该国的大胆举措,突显了其在今年的价格谈判中发挥积极作用的决心。
去年,矿业公司设法让主要钢铁厂商同意(铁矿石)提价71.5%,中国对此作出了愤怒的反应。分析师预计,今年铁矿石价格将上涨10%至20%。
上述贸易公司高管表示,上周中国政府设置了价格上限,并告知贸易商,如果它们支付的价格高于指导价格,将失去进口许可证。他表示:“由于钢铁生产商与供应商的谈判仍在进行中,上述举措主要是为了避免铁矿石进口价格在此期间上涨太快,这有可能是暂时性的。”
来自澳大利亚的铁矿石价格上限被定在每吨54美元 (包括运费),而巴西铁矿石则为每吨68美元。这一价差主要是由于从巴西进口的运费较高。分析师表示,这一价格水平远低于现货市场价格,与去年商定的价格大致相当。
译者/ 陈家易 牛薇
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Local banks ''must prepare for shock''
2006-03-09 13:13:44
By Zhang Dingmin (China Daily)
Updated: 2006-03-09 06:33
China''s local banks are in for a shock when the sector is further opened up to foreign banks at the end of this year and will need to become much more competitive.
That is according to Shi Jiliang, vice-chairman of the China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC).
He said increased liberalization will have a major impact on local banks, although the initial shocks are not likely to be too significant.
According to its World Trade Organization (WTO) commitments, China is scheduled to scrap restrictions on foreign banks in December.
At that time, foreign banks will be allowed to provide a retail renminbi business to local residents and set up branches in any Chinese city.
"This will have a big impact on Chinese banks," Shi said.
The biggest impact will be on renminbi savings, he said, as foreign banks are likely to siphon off some of the money which has grown by an annual average of 2 trillion yuan (US$246 billion) in recent years to 15 trillion yuan (US$1.8 trillion) by the end of 2005 from local banks.
"It''s likely that a fair number of the smaller banks might see their clients, good clients, leave (for foreign banks)," Shi said.
But, he added, as foreign banks only focus on high-end clients, "there will not be an exodus of savings deposits in the initial phase after liberalization."
Chinese banks will need to improve their competitiveness by accelerating reform and improve their services to be able to withstand the impact, he said.
Some restrictions will remain in place; Shi said foreign banks will not be allowed to invest in more than two Chinese banks, a rule he said is necessary to prevent monopolies and unfair competition.
Real strategic investors "do not need too many partners," he said.
"Foreign banks need to understand this," he added. "This is not to restrict them, but to protect fair competition, which is good for the industry."
The regulator thought the opening up of the banking sector to foreign banks has been orderly so far, and Chinese regulators are carrying out effective supervision.
Shi said: "Currently, the opening up of the market has been orderly, and entry requirements have been strict. The principle of banking liberalization is correct, and fits with the needs of China''s economic development."
The vast Chinese banking market is very attractive to foreign banks; major banks in many developed countries have started doing business in China, the official said. "And their performance is getting better and better."
A total of 71 foreign banks had set up 238 operational entities in 23 Chinese cities by the end of last October, according to the CBRC. Although they still account for just 2 per cent of total banking assets, they have grabbed a 20 per cent share of foreign-currency loans.
Since the local currency business with local businesses was opened to them around two years ago, foreign banks'' renminbi assets have risen to 100 billion yuan (US$12.3 billion).
The official said the current ceilings on foreign investment in local banks are appropriate and will probably not be changed before the end of the year. Foreign banks are allowed to own no more than a combined 25 per cent of any Chinese bank. The ceiling on a single foreign investor stands at 20 per cent.
"Looking at our management capacity and how we are coping with the opening up, I believe they are appropriate," said Shi.
But adjustments to the ceilings are likely after full liberalization "if economic development enters a new phase that requires foreign banks to do more business," he added.
(China Daily 03/09/2006 page9)
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Official warns of monopoly by foreign companies
2006-03-09 13:12:30
Xinhua)
Updated: 2006-03-08 10:43
A Chinese official has warned of the acquisition of domestic promising companies by transnational corporations to prevent the practical result of monopoly.
"We have been welcoming foreign investment, but now we have to curb any attempt to monopolize the Chinese market," said Li Deshui,director of the National Bureau of Statistics and a member of the country''s top political advisory body, which is in an annual session.
Foreign investment in China has shown new features since 1995, Li said. Transnational companies have launched a massive wave of purchasing Chinese companies, especially those dominating a sectoror having big potential of expansion.
More than 80 percent of China''s supermarkets are in the hands of transnational companies, and a few other sectors involving beerand skin-care products are nearly under foreign monopoly.
"Any sovereign state will not allow such a thing to happen," said Li.
Some countries have enacted laws forbidding business acquisitions that would result in monopoly. In Canada, merger and acquisition deals valued above 200 million U.S. dollars need government approval. The United States government and Congress also set requirements on business acquisitions by foreign companies.
"If we allow hostile takeovers to happen without limitations, we would gradually lose our domestic brands and innovation capability," said Li.
The consequence, said Li, is that China may become a link in international division of labor with the least profits. Most corporate profits will be taken away by transnational companies, leaving China with only nominal big GDP figures.
Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao has mentioned in his government workreport, delivered on March 5 to nearly 3,000 deputies to the National People''s Congress, that in opening wider to the outside world, China must "pay particular attention to safeguarding China''s economic security."
"The new circumstances require us to constantly improve our level of opening-up and gradually improve our polices on using foreign investment," said Li.
"Laws and regulations on business acquisitions by foreign companies should be made as quickly as possible in line with international practices," he said. "There should be severe measures to curb and punish hostile takeovers aiming to monopolizethe Chinese market."
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中国能源产业的病根
2006-03-07 17:33:01
Leland R. Miller
25年前,邓小平首次提出能源“是经济的头等大事”,能源如今的地位有过之而无不及。能源主导著中国的外交、国防和经济政策:它影响著中国与中东、非洲和中亚的关系;它决定著中国军队如何发展、保卫珍贵的能源供给线;也为中国处于躁动期的广大人口提供了更多更好的就业机会。
因此中国国内能源规划长年以来如此混乱的状态就更加令人不解了。最近中国在国际能源领域的一系列活动受到了广泛关注──2003年中国石油天然气集团公司(China National Petroleum Corporation)在哈萨克斯坦收购北里海项目(North Caspian Sea Project)失败、2004年俄罗斯搁置安加尔斯克至大庆的输油管线计划以及2005年中国海洋石油总公司(China National Offshore Oil Corp.)竞购美国石油巨头优尼科(Unocal)未能成功,而中国国内能源产业的缺陷得到的国际关注与此相比却少得多。不过,随著中国能源需求的增长以及中国国际性能源企业继续在全球迅猛扩张,这种情况将很快改变。只要仔细观察,关注中国能源领域的人们就不难发现:中国面临的许多核心问题都源于中国能源产业自身的体制紊乱。
首先,我们有必要了解中国背景下的“能源产业”意味著什么。美国等西方国家的政府监管但并不直接经营本国的石油和天然气资产,而中国却仍然保持著社会主义传统:拥有并控制著大型能源企业──尽管这些能源企业通过最近的首次公开募股(IPO)实现了部分私有化。中国企业因为IPO得以和埃克森美孚(Exxon Mobil Corp.)、英国石油(British Petroleum)等西方石油公司结为战略伙伴,获得这些公司宝贵的战略指导和专业知识,而且通过出售少数──也就是非控股股权还可以获得数十亿美元的收入。
这种有悖于自由市场经济的行为意味著中国政府必须对这些作为经济和国家安全部门延伸的大型能源企业进行微观管理。这个任务似乎需要一个庞大的、有能力扫清政治障碍的集权机构,不过这类机构在中国从未出现过,在可预见的未来恐怕也不会成为现实。
这并不是说中国政府没有尝试过建立中央能源机构。事实上,中国能源产业的组织结构几十年来经历了一次次变革。不过这些变革大多只是表面功夫。人员严重不足、机构重叠设置、争权夺利和官僚作风阻碍著中国能源产业的发展,中国能源管理体制在集权化和分散化间摇摆不定,没有人为这个体制的各种失误负责。鉴于这种混乱状态,有关中国正在考虑21世纪最大的国家安全问题的说法显得很是滑稽。
自1993年中国首次成为石油净进口国以来,中国的石油消费几乎每年都在以近4.9%的速度稳步增长──这个增速在全球首屈一指。2003年,中国超过日本成为全球第二大石油产品消费国。自2000年以来,全球石油需求增长的约40%来自中国。新华通讯社(Xinhua News Agency)预计到2020年,中国每年的石油进口量将达到5亿吨以上,比2005年增长近3倍,而到2025年,中国的石油进口量将超过整个欧洲大陆。
为了迎接这个挑战,中国在2003年制定了看似革命性的“21世纪石油战略”, 这项耗资1,000亿美元的战略目的在于建立“未来石油战略体系”。它是中国第十个五年计划(2001-2005)的重点,计划中公开表达了“能源安全”的概念。2004年,国务院发展研究中心(Development Research Center of China''s State Council)编写了更为详细具体的《中国能源综合发展战略与政策研究》(National Energy Strategy and Policy Report)。这两份文件说明中国政府对能源安全问题采取了更为负责的态度。
虽然有了这样一个新的、革命性的能源战略,但真正的改革却举步维艰。单一的中央能源部门缺失令许多人困惑,不过当我们回顾中国能源产业的发展历史时会发现,仅仅在政府结构中插入一个能源部门难以解决监管问题。
中国第一个能源部门──燃料工业部(Ministry of Fuel Industries)于1955年成立,主管煤炭、电力和石油工业建设。1970年,这三个部门又合并为新的燃料化学工业部(Ministry of Fuel and Chemical Industries),由于此时的中国正处在文化大革命(Cultural Revolution)的动荡年代,这个部门几乎没有任何实权。燃料化学工业部五年后解散。
作为邓小平政府机构改革的一部分,中国在1988年首次成立了能源部(Ministry of Energy)。不过这个名称容易让人产生误解:虽然能源部在名义上主管整个能源产业,但实际上中国大多数能源实体是由其他政府机构规划领导的,最主要的有国家计划委员会(State Planning Commission)和国家经济贸易委员会(State Economic and Trade Commission)──某些情况下由这两个机构共同管理。1993年,这种职能重叠变得难以调和,于是能源部──和从前的能源管理机构一样,被解散了。
此后5年间,制定能源政策的责任落在了包括国家计划委员会、国家经济贸易委员会和对外贸易经济合作部(Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation)等许多行政部门身上。虽然20世纪90年代国家计划委员会在能源领域的作用增强,成为最重要的能源产业主管部门,负责审批所有重大能源项目投资、制定能源价格,但因为官僚作风和门户之见,这个机构的作用还是打了折扣。20世纪90年代末,这种管理体制注定再次触礁。几年内,上面提到的三个部门都不复存在。
1998年──同年中国对国有石油和天然气公司进行了大规模重组,中国政府再次试图加强能源管理,不过并未取得成功。在此次重组中,国家计划委员会更名为国家发展计划委员会(State Development Planning Commission),它承担了原国家计划委员会的大部分职能。不过可以想见,这引发了国家发展计划委员会、仍然活跃的国家经济贸易委员会和新部门国土资源部(Ministry of Land Resources)的新一轮争权夺势。
2003年之前,在新的石油战略的推动下,权力斗争最终尘埃落定:国家经济贸易委员会解散、其剩余部分和国家计划委员会合并组成国家发展和改革委员会(National Development and Reform Commission)。国家发改委下设能源局,这显示了它的影响力。如今国家发改委的实力无人能及,于是能源局从名义上接管了中国的能源产业。
虽然能源局的地位有所上升,但这并不是管理中国能源产业的一个长期可行的办法。这是因为能源局的规模很小──20多个中层干部管理著资产近11万亿元(1.33万亿美元)的产业。另外,能源局的工作重点集中在石油领域。这意味著仍由各类地方和省级部门管理的中国天然气产业没能得到应有的重视,由于缺乏清晰的中央管理体制,天然气产业遭到的损失也可能更大。同样,大部分电网也是省内传输,没有实现互联互通。虽然取得了一些进步,但中国仍然缺少单一、标准化的国家电网。
自2005年4月起,中国推出了许多临时措施。首先,成立了部级单位国家能源办公室(State Energy Office)。该办公室由国家发改委主任马凯挂帅,责任是为中国的能源政策制定统一计划、监督中国国有石油公司以及建立战略石油储备。
不过仅仅两周之后,中国政府在2005年5月初又在此之上成立了由总理温家宝和副总理黄菊、曾培炎挂帅的国家能源领导小组,该机构主管整个能源产业,包括新成立的国家能源办公室。有报告称,这么做的原因是希望温家宝总理为首的这个能源领导小组能够获得“比国家发改委能源局更多的政治支持”。
显而易见,由中国最繁忙的领导人组成的这个领导小组并不能彻底解决中国能源产业面临的问题。那么解决方法到底会是什么呢?中国政府至少表明了它们不会做什么:中国反复重申“在可预见的将来”没有重新组建能源部的计划。根据中国媒体2004年11月的报导,中国领导人排除了在2008年之前设立能源部的可能性,2005年5月中国政府对此再次作出了同样的表态。
另外,出乎大多数分析师的预料,新的国家能源办公室将不会与能源局合并或者取代国家发改委能源局。两个机构将各司其职:国家能源办公室主要负责决策,而能源局则负责实施。这种权力分配是否将演变为一场恶梦还不得而知。
何时中国的能源体制才能最终确定也是个未知数。2005年10月,国家发改委宣布,至少要在两年以后才会起草能源安全方面的法律──而煤炭、电力、节约能源等具体领域已经出台了相关法律。也许这仅仅是因为中国有信心在前进道路上解决这些问题,这么想也许没错,不过经历了近半个世纪的挫折后,中国面临的挑战依然严峻。
(编者按:作者米勒(Leland R. Miller)是纽约Sidley Austin LLP的律师,针对中国能源问题著述颇多。他曾担任美中经济安全审查委员会(U.S.-China Economic & Security Review Commission)研究员。)
(本文译自《远东经济评论》)
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China: No timetable on yuan convertibility
2006-03-03 11:20:31
Reuters)
Updated: 2006-03-03 07:34
China has "no timetable to further relax regulations" about converting its yuan currency under capital accounts, a senior Chinese central banker said on Thursday, apparently tempering earlier reports.
Hu Xiaolian, a deputy governor at the People''s Bank of China -- the country''s central bank -- told the Xinhua News Agency that "rules for converting the RMB under capital accounts must be put forward step by step".
"There is no timetable for China''s RMB convertibility under capital accounts," she separately told U.S. guests, Xinhua also reported.
Hu, who is also director of China''s State Administration for Foreign Exchange (SAFE), said her country''s "current mission is to strengthen regulations governing the cross-border flow of capital and promote a more balanced international balance of payments".
Hu''s remarks appeared designed to dampen down a report in a Chinese financial newspaper on Wednesday that suggested China may move faster on yuan convertibility on the capital account.
The Shanghai Security News quoted another official at SAFE, Zou Lin, as saying, "China plans to make the yuan basically convertible under the capital account in the near term".
The government could ease controls on overseas investment under the Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor (QDII) programme, and keep the inflow and outflow of capital balanced, Zou said.
While the yuan is convertible on the current account, which covers trade, China still restricts most capital account deals and analysts say full convertibility could be years away.
China revalued the yuan by 2.1 percent last July, scrapping a decade-long peg to the dollar and shifting to a managed float, but it is under pressure from the United States and others to move faster towards a liberalised currency system.
But the Xinhua report said Hu told U.S. guests that China wanted slow, methodical adjustment of its current account convertibility rules.
Any change would be tailored to fit China''s economic conditions, the "maturity" of its financial markets, and risk managing skills of market players, Hu was reported as telling retired U.S. Senator Phil Gramm and William McDonough, a former president of the New York Federal Reserve Bank.
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日本有望迎来利率新时代
2006-03-02 18:17:26
近五年一直将实际利率维持在接近零水平的日本正在为上调利率作铺垫。这对如火如荼的日本股市而言不是什么好消息,可能还会让日本公司利润增长的高速度降下来,尤其是利润丰厚的汽车制造业。
个中原因在于:对上调利率的预期推动日圆兑美元走强,这将对索尼公司(Sony Corp., 又名:新力公司)和新日本制铁(Nippon Steel)等日本出口商产生不利影响,使他们在海外获得的美元利润兑换成日圆后缩水。这很可能吞噬掉企业利润,而正是企业利润的增长推动日本股市去年上涨了40%。
日本央行行长福井俊彦(Toshihiko Fukui)上周向议员们表示,结束超低利率时代的条件正在逐步成熟。经济学家称,央行最初的动作(最早可能会在下周)或许会是温和的,只表示要结束定量宽松政策。大幅上调利率估计至少要等到几个月以后。
不过,在日本经历了10年甚至更长时间的极低的贷款利率后,此类言论标志著日本金融业掀开了新的一页。央行在过去近五年的时间里一直将短期利率维持在接近于零的水平。此举鼓励了日本投资者购买美元在海外证券市场进行投资,以获得更好的回报率。同时,低利率也是日圆走弱、美元走强的原因之一。
对象征性地首次上调利率的预期也导致外汇市场出现波动,使美元兑日圆近期回落至115日圆,低于1月份时的120日圆。周二早盘时美元为116.16日圆。
尚不清楚日圆近期的升势能持续多久。但如果日圆保持近期的反弹势头,这可能意味著日本公司在几个月后发布季度业绩时将无可炫耀,从而大大削弱曾推动日经指数去年大幅飙升的市场动能。
日本出口商一直因日圆走弱大受其益,但日本的汽车业却是从中受益最大的。麦格理证券(Macquarie Securities)分析师科特•桑格尔(Kurt Sanger)说,近几个季度以来,汽车制造商从外汇市场上获得了“暴利”,许多公司的收益因此均创出历史纪录。
比如,丰田汽车(Toyota Motor)宣布,截至12月份的第三季度净利润增长34%,达到创纪录的33.4亿美元,全球销售额增长了15%。利润增幅大大超过销售额的一个主要原因就是:日圆走低。
桑格尔预计,按目前的汇率,日圆兑美元汇率每下跌1日圆,日产汽车(Nissan Motor Co. Ltd.)的利润就能增长115亿日圆(约1亿美元)。对本田汽车(Honda Motor Co. Ltd.)而言,这个数字是1.30亿美元,丰田汽车为2.60亿美元。
尽管近期日圆出现反弹,但仍大大低于一年前的水平,日圆对截至3月31日的本财政年度利润的提振仍将引起全球众多汽车企业的不满。
通用汽车(General Motors)指责日本认为将汇率“操纵”在低位,以支持其生产商的收益。通用汽车首席执行长里克•瓦格纳(Rick Wagoner)曾表示,这种有失公平的贸易规范让日本汽车厂家获得了巨大的优势,使他们能够将利润再投资到汽车研发中。
日本的汽车制造商认为这种指责纯属无稽之谈。丰田汽车高级董事总经理Yukitoshi Funo指出,日本央行已经多年未干预汇市。Funo说,瓦格纳也清楚这点,他不会这么无知。
桑格尔指出,即使日圆走强,日本的竞争对手也不会很舒服。日本汽车厂家已在北美投资了几十亿美元兴建工厂,在本地生产销售给美国消费者的汽车。他说,通过本地化生产,这些公司降低了汇率变动对业务的影响。
但在日本政府发出调整货币政策的信号后,汇率前景也将因此出现一定程度的不确定,同时这也将标志著导致日圆走软的政策终于要退出历史舞台,无论是有意还是无意。就像日圆下跌推动了利润增长一样,日圆走强将会降低日本公司的收益。
香港时间2006年03月01日17:09更新 -
全球市场屏息以待日本货币政策的调整
2006-03-02 18:15:41
日本经济的复苏可能促使该国央行很快改变其长期执行的货币政策,而这将可能在全球金融市场掀起大的波动。
随著全球第二大经济体日本即将连续第四年实现经济增长,日本央行(Bank of Japan)似乎决意取消已经形影不离地伴随了日本经济近10年之久的宽松货币政策。预计这一政策的调整首先会从回笼金融体系数十万亿日圆的富余资金入手,而最终则是开始上调该国长期以来几近于零的利率。
这一政策的调整可能在市场上掀起轩然大波,实行多年的超宽松货币政策使日本投资者纷纷将资金投向全球各地的债券、货币和其他高收益资产,而对冲基金和投机商所从事的所谓结转交易(以低利率借入日圆去投资高收益资产)则使得上述效应被进一步放大。
一旦日本央行改弦更张,这可能意味著从美国抵押贷款利率到新西兰政府债券等的所有利率水平都将上升,而这一结果将给全球股市产生破坏性影响,其中自然也包括去年表现上佳的日本股票市场。接下来将会是日圆的走强,而实际上日圆走强的号角已经吹向,其结果就是日本出口商品成本上升,商品进口成本则出现下降。
Putnam Investments的董事总经理Bill Kohli评价说,对于全球金融市场来说,这很可能演变为一场重大事件,在过去五年中,市场已习惯于坐享这一极其廉价的资本资源。
在重振其岌岌可危的国民经济一再以失败告终,且对抗通货紧缩恶性循环屡遭挫败后,日本央行于2001年不得已推出了前所未有的宽松货币政策来刺激开支。为降低借贷成本,日本央行将其短期利率目标直降至零的水平,并在过去7年中一直维持这一水平。在5年前,央行又开始向日本金融系统注入大量现金,开始推行所谓的“定量宽松”货币政策,这一政策使得27万亿日圆的资金(相当于2,300亿美元)保持在银行系统。
时至今日,国际货币基金组织(International Monetary Fund)预计2006年日本经济增长率将大大高于2%的水平。有关日本通货紧缩恶性循环可能散播至其他经济体的担忧也正在消散,取代它的则是对日本经济在美欧经济停滞不前情况下充当全球经济增长重要引擎的热切期盼。
日本官员近来已反复暗示宽松货币政策的时代行将告终:日本央行行长福井俊彦(Toshihiko Fukui)上周对国会议员发表陈词时表示,解除超宽松货币政策的条件已经日渐成熟。
经济学家预计,日本央行转向紧缩政策的第一步可能就是宣告定量宽松货币政策时代的结束,这种情形最早就有可能在下周发生,而真正意义上的加息最快也要到数月以后。即便如此,在经历了10年之久的超低利率之后,宣布这一时代的结束本身就意味著全球金融市场一个新纪元的开启。
曾担任国际货币基金首席经济学家的哈佛大学(Harvard University)经济学家Kenneth Rogoff表示,日本九十年代开始的货币政策就彷佛是当代金融史上最惨重的沉船海难,如今能目睹其浮出水面将是一个具有里程碑意义的事件。
无论对日本还是全球市场,宽松货币政策结束的时机至关重要:过早将可能扼杀经济复苏,过迟则可能引发通货膨胀。
日本国债收益率将升高的预期已推动日圆兑美元走高,美元已从1月份的兑120日圆跌至近来的115日圆左右。日圆走强将对日本出口造成负面影响,因为日本企业海外的收益在兑换成日圆后将缩水。对受公司收益推动在过去一年上涨近40%的日本股市来说,公司收益的推动力将因日圆走强而被削弱。
分析师已把日本的宽松货币政策定义为近年来全球债券市场价格普遍走强的主要推动力。美银证券(Banc of America Securities)近期发布的研究报告显示,几乎在2003年日本大幅增加金融系统注资的同时,10年期美国国债收益率(与价格走势反向)大幅走低,甚至跌至当时美国经济的名义增长率之下。
美银证券驻纽约策略师Michael Cloherty表示,在日本增加银行系统流动资金的同时,许多资产市场开始上涨,脱离了本来的合理价值,归根结底,这就是日本央行注入如此大规模现金在市场上追逐如此有限资产的结果。
日本宽松货币政策的行将结束对全球利率趋势起到推波助澜的作用。美国联邦储备委员会(Federal Reserve, 简称:Fed)自2004年起即开始加息,而包括英国央行(Bank of England)在内的其他央行的动作甚至更早。欧洲央行也已在去年上调了基准利率。
在以往,货币政策的收紧往往会给金融市场带来大的风波。以1994年为例,就在美国经济刚刚站稳脚跟之际,利率的上调引发了债市的抛售狂潮、华尔街经纪公司Kidder Peabody & Co.、加利福尼亚州的Orange County因此破产,甚至墨西哥经济也因此陷入萧条。
可以肯定的是,市场对日本调整货币政策对全球市场可能造成的担忧可能有些过度。日本的加息进程将是循序渐进的,而其影响最终也可能被全球其他地区下调利率的效果所抵消,许多投资者就相信Fed可能会在明年某个时间下调短期利率。
然而,日本调整货币政策所具有的重要意义已经在金融市场浮现。对于结转交易利润率下降的担忧已经影响到那些债市因此受益的国家的货币:以新西兰为例,自上周以来,日圆兑新西兰元的汇率已经上升了3.5%,与此同时,泰铢、印尼盾和新台币则追随日圆汇率的上升而走强。
利率期货市场的价格反映出,投资者预计到2007年底前日本短期利率可能升至1%。高盛(Goldman Sachs)估计日本利率升至这一水平可能导致10年期美国国债收益率提高0.16个百分点。高盛驻纽约的全球经济学家Dominic Wilson则表示这完全是一种猜测,因为没有先例可循,这种情况下要做到量化实在是相当困难
香港时间2006年03月02日10:23更新 -
中国政府为人民币进一步走强做准备
2006-03-01 17:15:49
近期人民币升值速度有所加快,这引起了金融市场和美国方面的特别关注。眼下美国正在给中国施加压力,要求允许人民币升值。
不管中国政府在公开场合下如何表示,人民币汇率的小幅走高都不免令人猜测,它是否已经准备允许人民币有所升值、来避免贸易战的风险。美国国会的批评人士指责中国政府人为压低人民币汇率,从而以不公平的低廉价格出口商品。批评人士抱怨,大量廉价商品涌入美国,导致了美国制造业工作岗位的流失。
与此同时,中国近期进行了技术升级,人民币交易方式的改变使市场获得了新的动力。在过去几个月间,中国改进了外汇交易市场的基础设施,使其与国际上的其他外汇交易市场更为接近,更容易融合到一起。
如今,美国政府官员在关注中国政府人民币政策声明的同时,也会留意上海的外汇交易情况。由此也可以看出,中国对外汇交易系统的改进已取得一定效果。美国财政部(Treasury Department)表示可能会在4月份发布的半年度报告中将中国列为汇率操纵国,因此上海市场的交易情况更是成了美国政府官员关注的重点。由于中国国家主席胡锦涛也定于4月份访问美国,财政部的报告可能推迟到胡锦涛访美之后发布。
上海市场今年启用的交易系统非常灵活,足以允许扩大日波动幅度。但分析师表示,如果中国决定调整人民币汇率,很可能不会像去年7月份那样突然上调汇率。当时人民币兑美元升值了2.1%。渣打银行(Standard Chartered Bank)驻上海经济学家王志浩(Stephen Green)说,再次出现一次性的升值是“不可思议的。”
交易员说,更可能的情况是通过日交易价格的一系列小幅变化显示出升值加快的趋势。
本月前两周,当中国外汇市场在春节假日后重新开始交易时,就出现了这种情况。人民币获得了上涨动力,假如今年延续这种势头,人民币兑美元全年将升值4%以上。在此之前,从去年7月份人民币重新估值以来,其兑美元的汇率上涨了不足0.8%。
但涨势已经陷入了停顿。在过去几天里,人民币兑美元持续微幅走低。
2月份以来的交易趋势显示,如果维持这种走势,人民币全年将升值3%左右。这恰巧也是上海外汇交易员的普遍预期,他们解释说,近期的上涨主要是因为节后对人民币的正常需求所致。荷兰银行(ABN AMRO Bank)外汇交易员肯尼思•普恩(Kenneth Poon)说:“我认为不会出现特别出人意料的事情。”
迄今为止,还没有多少理由认为中国政府将改变其多次重申的政策:即保持汇率“基本稳定”、同时提高交易系统灵活性。但部分经济学家表示,这种情况可能会在今年发生改变。高盛(Goldman Sachs)预计今年人民币兑美元将升值9%;JP摩根(J.P. Morgan)预计人民币将升值10%以上。不过,预计人民币将走强的人都认为,重新估值将主要是出于经济基本面方面的考虑,而非美国的压力。
过于依赖出口使中国难以向消费引导型的增长模式转变,而中国的政策制定者表示,要想持续保持经济的良性发展,这种转变是必需的。源源不断的出口收入也可能导致货币供应量增加,从而加剧通货膨胀压力。而人民币升值将会抑制中国的出口。
同时,中国政府也对在建设现代化交易体系的过程中美国不断对汇率问题指手画脚表示了愤慨。
中国已经放弃了人民币“爬行钉住美元”的汇率制度,即当天的收盘价是次日交易的基准价。现在,开盘价格是根据13个造市商的拍卖结果确定的,这其中有8家中国银行和包括渣打银行及荷兰银行在内的5家海外银行,它们公布保证买进或卖出外汇的汇率。这些银行可以在当天的电子交易时间结束后彼此间进行场外市场交易。这就使中国离全球外汇交易体系又近了一步。
尽管政府将盘中价格的最高涨跌幅度限定在开盘价的0.3%之内,但从技术上讲,由于实行拍卖的做法,两天间的价格现在有可能会大幅波动。交易的波动幅度已经变大了。
与此同时,中国已推出了外汇衍生工具合约,公司可以此对冲汇率波动的风险。中国的银行正在进行强化培训,提高交易员的水平。
而美国政府对外汇交易灵活性的提高并未带来人民币的快速升值感到恼怒。交易员称,这其中的一个原因在于,尽管交易的商业色彩加重了,但中国央行仍施加了巨大的影响,更重要的是它能通过拍卖系统施加影响。该系统会根据交易量对银行的投标进行加权。央行常常通过中国银行(Bank of China)进行交易。交易员说,中国银行也是中国最大、最有影响力的外汇交易商。
渣打银行的王志浩表示,不排除中国政府面对美国压力而做出改变的可能性。他说,一种可能的策略是让人民币升值稍快些──只是快一点。
香港时间2006年02月27日09:48更新

